Core Legal Principles and Branches of Law
Fundamentals of Law and Legal Systems
Law establishes rules that govern society and define the status of individuals and entities within it. Legal rules create rights, impose obligations, and bring institutions to life.
Understanding Legal Subjects and Permissions
The primary legal subjects in law are humans, although, in theory, the law can grant the status of a legal subject to other entities.
Permissions within the law can be understood in two ways:
- Implicit Permission: Actions are permitted if there
Technical Engineers: Professional Practice & Contract Types
Technical Engineers: Roles and Organizations
The exercise of the engineering profession occurs within various organizational structures, often in increasing order of complexity: Free Exercise (Sole Practitioner) > Technical Project Office > Engineering Technology Office > Engineering Company/Firm > Consulting Firm > Macroengineering Organization.
Private Practice for Engineers
Architects and Engineers are empowered to write projects, direct works, and write reports – all activities
Read MoreSpanish Company Legal Structures & Requirements
Understanding Spanish Company Legal Forms
Choosing the right legal structure is crucial. Key factors include the number of partners, liability exposure, minimum equity requirements, and tax implications.
Company Types Overview
- Sole Proprietorship
- Partnerships:
- Commercial Partnerships:
- Collective Partnership
- Limited Partnership (Sociedad Comanditaria)
- Limited Liability Company (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada)
- Public Limited Company (Sociedad Anónima)
- Worker-Owned Company (Sociedad Laboral)
- Cooperative
- Commercial Partnerships:
Understanding the UN: Purposes, Powers, and Principles
UN’s Core Functions: Powers, Principles, and Purposes
- The United Nations is the only international organization with clear universal and general purposes.
- Its primary purpose is maintaining international peace and security through measures like the Security Council.
- Article 2.6 states that “States” not members of the UN must respect the Charter of San Francisco regarding international peace and security. This isn’t an international treaty, as those only bind member states.
Article 103 states that “if
Read MoreSpanish Legal System: Business, Competition & IP Law
Spanish Legal Sources and Hierarchy
National Laws
- Organic Law: Governs the development of fundamental rights and public liberties. Requires an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies for approval.
- Ordinary Law: Approved by Parliament (requiring a simple majority in Congress). Organic and Ordinary laws are not hierarchically superior to each other but apply to different subject matters.
- Legislative Decrees: Issued by the government, consolidating existing rules based on parliamentary delegation.
Understanding Ordinary Law: Types, Application, and State vs. Regional Law
Understanding Ordinary Law
Overview and Types
Ordinary law is the generic and residual model of law:
- An act of the General Courts, typically emanating from a solemn process following the ordinary legislative procedure.
- Also produced by the autonomous Parliament within its jurisdiction.
State Common Law
State common law includes:
- Laws of Delegation: Through which the Parliament may delegate to the Government the power to issue a legislative decree in the form of a text of articles or merged texts.
- Basic