EU Institutions, Policies, Labor, and Sustainability
EU Institutions
The institutions of the European Union are as follows:
- Council of Europe: The EU’s highest political body, composed of Heads of State, members, and the Chairman of the Committee. Its function is to determine the goals and priorities of the EU.
- Council of the EU: Represents member states, integrated by one minister from each country, with a rotating presidency every six months. Its functions include adopting laws and the budget, and developing EU foreign policy.
- European Commission: Represents
New Enterprise Limited Partnership in Spain
The New Company Limited Partnership (SLNE)
The SLNE was created in 2003 by Law 7/2003 of April 1st, the New Enterprise Limited Partnership, which incorporated a new chapter to the LSL. It is a subtype or a specialty of SL, established to facilitate the creation of new commercial companies, particularly small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Its creation was promoted by the European Commission, recommending simplified procedures for company establishment to encourage entrepreneurship. To this end, the
Read MoreUnderstanding Spain’s LSSI-CE E-commerce Law
Who Is Subject to the LSSI-CE Law?
The LSSI-CE (Law on Information Society Services and Electronic Commerce) applies to individuals or entities conducting business over the Internet or other electronic means, provided that:
- The management and business operations are centralized in Spain.
- They have a branch, office, or other permanent establishment in Spanish territory from which the provision of information society services is directed.
Are Free Services Within the Scope of the Law?
All services offered
Read MoreFair Competition: Antitrust Law and Unfair Practices
Defense of Free Competition
Regulated by Law 15/2007 of Antitrust. Collusive behavior is prohibited under this law, which prohibits any agreement, decision, collective recommendation, or concerted practice that has the object, produces, or can produce the effect of preventing, restricting, or distorting competition in all or part of the domestic market.
The following agreements are prohibited:
- Fixing prices or market conditions.
- Limiting or controlling production, distribution, or R&D.
- Market-sharing
Understanding Retroactivity, Grammatical Rules, and Legal Interpretation
Retroactive Law and Paul Roubier’s Doctrine
According to Paul Roubier’s doctrine, laws are considered retroactive when applied:
- To facts governed by prior law.
- To ongoing legal situations, depending on the impact occurring before the new law’s enactment. If the new law applies to unrealized consequences of an incident under prior law, it has an immediate, not retroactive, effect.
Grammatical Elements in the Civil Code
Article 19, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code states that “when the meaning of the law
Read MoreConstitutional Reform Process in Spain
Constitutional Reform Initiative
The constitutional reform initiative is subject to requirements and constraints common to those instances when subjects can be initiated and authorized to do so.
Timing of the Reform
The constitution prohibits a constitutional reform from beginning “in time of war or under any of the statements provided in art.116.” There must be a position of political normalcy in order to prevent emotional reactions that could alter the decisions of any of the subjects involved in
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