EU Competition Law & Commercial Contracts: Key Concepts
EU Competition Law & Commercial Contracts
Antitrust Law: Functioning of the European Union (TFUE) Against Unfair Competition
1. Collusive Agreements
Two or more undertakings coordinate their behavior, restricting competition.
Cartels: The most serious and harmful anti-competition conduct. Agreements with competitors to:
- Raise prices
- Limit quantities produced
- Geographically divide up customers
2. Abuse of Dominant Position
High market power allows raising prices or worsening quality, damaging competitors,
Read MoreUnderstanding the UN Charter: Principles and Key Concepts
Key Principles of the UN Charter
Unique to the Charter principles: They refer to the Charter and World Organizations.
- Assistance (Art. 2.5 of the Charter of the United Nations): Members of the Organization must give it every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with this Charter, and refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
Regulates the relationship between Member States and the Organization of the United Nations.
Read MoreFederal Intervention: Definition, Features, and Assumptions
Federal Intervention is the political act of an entity intervening in the affairs of another entity that supports it.
Features:
- Temporality
- Exceptionality
- Strictness (specific)
Assumptions:
- State Defense:
- I – Maintain national integrity
- II – Repel foreign invasion or a federal unit in another
- Protection Principle Federativo:
- III – Put an end to severe disruption of public order
- IV – Guaranteeing the free exercise of any powers of the units of the Federation
- Defense Finance State:
- V – Reorganize the finances
Understanding Legal Aid in Spain: Eligibility and Benefits
Legal Aid in Spain: Article 119 EC
Article 119 of the Spanish Constitution (EC) states that “justice shall be free when thus provided for by law and, in any case, for those who have insufficient means to litigate.” This provision ensures access to justice for individuals lacking financial resources and guarantees that no one is procedurally helpless due to a lack of funds.
Right to Legal Aid
Individuals:
The Legal Aid Act recognizes the right to free legal assistance for:
- Spanish citizens
- Nationals of
Sources of International Law: Treaties and Customs
Definition of Sources of International Law
Sources of law refer to the processes through which legal rules are created, modified, or extinguished. In international law, sources are identified in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which defines them as follows:
- International conventions: General or specific agreements that establish rules explicitly recognized by disputing states.
- International custom: Practices generally accepted as law.
- General principles of law:
UN Meeting: Addressing the Yugoslav Conflict Atrocities
Good afternoon, everyone, to the 3055th meeting of the United Nations. Today, we are united to implement a solution to the Yugoslavian conflict.
When the first news and accounts of the atrocities committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia began to surface, the collective memory of our peoples had to relive the horror of times we had thought long past. But there are lessons to be learned from history. Conditions have changed since the Second World War. The United Nations now has the responsibility
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