International Trade: Key Players and Payment Methods
Key Intermediaries in International Trade
Customs Broker
A customs broker is a professional agent licensed by local customs authorities. They act on behalf of importers and exporters, preparing and submitting all necessary documentation for clearing goods through customs. This requires passing a comprehensive examination. A customs broker facilitates relationships with customs and other relevant bodies.
Freight Forwarder
An international freight forwarder acts as an agent for the exporter, managing
Read MoreContracts Outside Commercial Establishments: Spain
Contracts Outside Commercial Establishments (Arts. 107-113 LGDCU)
Contracts concluded away from business establishments are not, in themselves, illegal business practices. However, the initiative of the employer and non-comparability by consumers of the quality and price of the offer can lead to unfair trade practices. Additionally, these negotiations are often carried out in haste, often involve a surprise element, and the cost of the contract is usually very high, which discourages consumers from
Read MoreUnderstanding Jurisdiction: Definition, Elements, and Types
Jurisdiction: An Introduction
Jurisdiction is a fundamental concept in law. It refers to the authority of a court or other legal body to hear and decide a case.
1. Jurisdiction: The Foundation
All judges possess jurisdiction, but not to compete. Jurisdiction is the justice that applies.
2. Competence: Defining Limits
Competence represents the upper limit of jurisdiction.
5. The Judicial Function
The judicial function is exercised exclusively by the Supreme Court of Justice and other courts established
Read MoreUnderstanding Contractual Conditions: Types & Compliance
Contractual Conditions: Concept and Nature
Article 1113 of the Civil Code states that a condition is the dependence of the effects of a contract on an uncertain future event, or a past event unknown to the stakeholders. Uncertainty is the defining characteristic of a condition; it is not known whether the event will occur (objective uncertainty), or whether it has occurred (subjective uncertainty).
The condition affects the production of effects of the bargaining, not the business itself. The condition
Read MoreFASID Matrix: Imperfections and Dissolution in Islamic Law
FASID Matrix: Imperfect Marriages
The matrix in FASID (Aunq x ntrlza ppio) is considered imperfect or FASID if it is not healthy. This loses its effect due to any circumstances outside the business background. JCO or its scope constitutes the essentiality, and in such a case, the fundamental consequence is that it can be dissolved by demand in court.
A matrix is defined as FASID if it concurs with any circumstances. For example:
- Irregularities in the dowry.
- If the matrix is held during a period of pilgrimage
Irnerius: Founder of Medieval Roman Law
Write your text here! Irnerius (c. 1050 – after 1125), sometimes referred to as lucerna juris (“lantern of the law”), was an Italian jurist and founder of the School of Glossators and thus of the tradition of Medieval Roman Law.
Decretals with Glossa ordinaria. He taught the newly recovered Roman law code of Justinian I, the Corpus Juris Civilis, among the liberal arts at the University of Bologna, his native city. The recovery and revival of Roman law, taught first at Bologna in the 1070s, was
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