Understanding Human Rights: Education, Equality, and Freedom
Human Rights Principles and Examples
1. (Hence) The right to education is listed in the convention; hence, it is recognized as a fundamental element for children’s development and future opportunities. 2. (Unless) Unless the government respects the right to education, the judicial system can prosecute the government for failing to provide mandatory education for all children. 3. (Furthermore) Furthermore, the right to education is important because it promotes equality, reduces poverty, and prepares
Read MoreUnderstanding Mutual, Loan, and Deposit Contracts
Mutual (Mutuum)
Also known as a consumer loan, mutuum was a convention where one person (mutuante or lender) gave property to another (borrower), a certain amount of fungible goods, with the obligation to repay the same amount of the same kind and quality within a specific period. To enforce repayment, the lender could use the Condictio, either as Condictio certae pecuniae for money or Condictio triticaria for other goods. It was a condition of the loan contract because it lacked a specific action.
Read MoreNight Work & Health: Regulations for Worker Safety
Health Assessment and Transfer of Night Workers
Member States shall take the necessary measures to:
- Night workers receive a free health assessment before their assignment and thereafter at regular intervals.
- Night workers suffering from health problems, whose relationship with night work is recognized, are transferred whenever possible to day work to which they are suited.
Guarantees for Night Work
Member States may subject certain categories of night workers to specific guarantees, under conditions
Read MoreCompilation of Laws in the Spanish Indies: A Historical Overview
The Process of Law Compilation in the Spanish Indies
The increasing number of legal provisions aimed at regulating the diverse situations arising in the Indies from an early age raised the problem of their accessibility, not only in America but also within the Council of the Indies itself.
The compilation efforts of the Council of the Indies began during the reign of Philip II, prompted by the visit of Juan de Ovando to the Council of the Indies. Ovando initially created an index of the provisions
Read MoreJohn Locke and the Separation of Powers
CHAPTER 1: Locke and the Enunciation Originating in the Doctrine of Separation of Powers
1. John Locke, Theorist of the English Revolution
John Locke (1632-1704) is the political philosopher of the English Revolution of 1688.
The adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1689 meant the ultimate establishment of constitutional monarchy in England and the establishment of the political and constitutional principle of separation of powers.
Both the Agreement of the People (1649), which established a constitutional
Read MoreRoyal Prerogatives and Religious Freedom in Spain
Royal Prerogatives (Regalism) in Spain
Regalism refers to the intervention of the monarch in church affairs. The difference with Caesaropapism is that now the monarch is not obliged to protect the Church and can control and manage it at will. The main manifestations of regalism in Spanish law were:
- Regio Patronato Universal: The monarch’s right to intervene in the appointment of bishops and clergymen. Thus, the monarch controlled the ecclesiastical power in the country. This lasted until 1976.
- Regio