Corporate Governance: A Comprehensive Guide
CORPORATE ENTITIES
Profit-oriented companies: Private and public companies / Joint ventures/cooperatives/Partnerships
Not-for-profit orgs: Voluntary and community organizations, charities, academic institutions, government corporate entities, etc.
Governance
The way that organizations or countries are managed at the highest level, and the systems for doing this.
Corporate Governance
Corporate governance concerns the way power is exercised over corporate entities. Corporate governance codes arrived in
Read MoreContract Classification: Typical vs. Atypical Contracts
Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts
Bilateral contracts create reciprocal obligations for both parties, while unilateral contracts create obligations for only one party.
Onerous and Gratuitous Contracts
Onerous contracts involve an exchange of value, while gratuitous contracts do not.
Consensual, Real, and Formal Contracts
Consensual contracts are perfected by mere consent, real contracts by delivery of a thing, and formal contracts by a special form (e.g., a written document).
Typical and Atypical Contracts
Typical
Read MoreThe Spanish Ombudsman, Monarchy, Judicial Power, and Local Government
UNIT 2: THE OMBUDSMAN
The Ombudsman is:
Characteristics
- A High Commissioner of Parliament.
- This means they exert some form of commission functions, i.e., are appointed to develop a specific job, which must account to Parliament.
- Independent of the Courts.
- Has the defense mission of Title I of the Constitution.
- Supervises all activities of the Administration.
- Members of the institution are the Ombudsman and their deputies.
Appointment
The Ombudsman will be appointed for 5 years by the Parliament. The procedure
Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System and Prison Regulation: A Comprehensive Guide
The Criminal Justice System and Prison Regulation
Criminal Law
Criminal law is the explicit mechanism society uses to control behaviors considered harmful and undermine the freedoms of its citizens. It is a mechanism of repression and control of behavior.
Legal definition of criminal law: A set of legal rules—positive-regulatory—that determine criminal behavior and assign certain legal consequences (penalties or security measures). It is collected and sorted in the Penal Code.
Principles of Guarantees
Read MoreEffective Business Communication: Features, Elements, and Importance
1.2.2 Features of Communication
After understanding the meaning and definition of communication, we are going to study various features of communication.
(1) Communication Involves a Two-Way Process
It is not only important to give information, but it is also important to receive expected feedback from the other person after giving information to them. From this, we can find two activities in communication. The first activity is to give information, and the other is to get expected feedback. Therefore
Read MoreConstitutional Conflicts and Jurisdictional Disputes in Spain
Competencies in Constitutional Conflicts
Constitutional Conflicts:
The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction under the Spanish Constitution (EC) to hear Article 161.1 conflicts of jurisdiction. These conflicts pertain to disputes between:
- The State and the Autonomous Communities
- Autonomous Communities themselves
- Other matters assigned by the Constitution or the Organic Law of the Constitutional Court (OLCC)
The OLCC (Article 2.1) distinguishes between:
- Constitutional conflicts between constitutional organs