Business Structures and Classifications
Lempresari
A. Historical Development
Eighteenth century: The capitalist employer as the owner of the means of production (Adam Smith). In the Industrial Revolution, the lèpoca Lempresari is individual. Lempresari matches the owner of capital and handles mass production. Lempresari is defined as the individual who commits their ability to operate lempresa and faces the risk of the activity.
Eighteenth – Nineteenth century: The businessman as entrepreneur (Cantillon, Say). Cantillon is the person who
Read MoreSpain’s Transition to Regional Autonomy: The 1978 Constitution
The Emergence of Regional Organization in Spain
The establishment of political autonomy in Spain recognized the self-governance aspirations of various regions, ending rigid centralism. This new state management model introduced multiple power centers. While unprecedented in the Second Republic’s legislation, the regional structure in the 1978 Constitution was innovative. The Constitution’s Preliminary Title and Article 2 “recognize and guarantee the right of autonomy within the Spanish state to the
Read MoreEuropean Union: Structure, Institutions, and Processes
Part II: EU Organs and Institutions
Item 1: General Considerations
The EU’s institutional framework comprises five key institutions:
- Council of the European Union
- European Parliament
- European Commission
- Court of Justice of the European Union
- Court of Auditors
These are listed in Article 7.1 TEC and Article 5 TUE. Subsidiary bodies, like the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (EC field), are found in Article 7.2 TEC and serve consultative roles. Other economic bodies include the
Read MoreSpanish Social Security System: Benefits and Requirements
1.1. Definition of the Public Social Security System
The public social security system aims to protect individuals and their families against risks and contingencies leading to need.
Membership is compulsory for those residing and working in the country.
1.2. Benefit Modalities
- Contributory Budget: Features health and social services aid.
- Economic Benefits:
- Contributory: Granted to eligible workers and their relatives. Funded through worker and employer contributions.
- Non-contributory (welfare): Granted
Spanish Constitution of 1978: Articles & Historical Context
TEXT COMMENT 30: SELECTED ARTICLES OF THE 1978 SPANISH CONSTITUTION
1. CLASSIFICATION: This text presents selected articles from the 1978 Spanish Constitution. Drafted by a parliamentary assembly following King Juan Carlos I’s ascension, it’s crucial for understanding Spain’s transition to democracy. A primary legal and historical source, it offers insights into the first articles of this democratic constitution, approved on December 6th, 1978, after the Franco era, under President Adolfo Suárez’
Read MoreLegal Procedures: Evidence, Testimony, and Confessions
Legal Procedures: Evidence and Testimony
Requirements for Proving a Case
Article 161
The states what is required to prove. Accordingly, the plaintiff must prove their case, and the defendant their exceptions.
Article 162
One who refuses to testify does not have to prove anything, unless their denial implies a fact.
Article 163
Proof is also required for any denied fact that ignores a legal presumption in the litigant’s favor.
Article 164
Only facts are subject to testing; rights are not, except when based
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