Criminal Trial Proceedings and Evidence in Venezuela
Item 1: General Trial Standards
General Principles
Immediacy: The trial takes place with the continuous presence of judges and parties. The accused cannot leave without court permission. If they refuse to stay, they are kept in an adjacent room, represented by counsel. The presiding judge appears only for necessary orders if the prosecution is extended.
If the accused’s presence is required for identification or other acts, they can be compelled to appear by police. If the defendant fails to appear
Read MoreCollective Bargaining in Spain
Collective Bargaining in Spain
Constitutional Principles
Topic: Collective Bargaining
Article 37 of the Spanish Constitution (EC) recognizes the right to collective bargaining between workers’ and employers’ representatives, and the binding force of agreements. While not a fundamental right, it’s integral to freedom of association, offering constitutional protection against certain infringements. Analyzing Article 37.1 EC requires considering:
- The right to bargain: This doesn’t impose a duty to negotiate,
Family Law in Argentina: Marriage, Adoption & Custody
Family Law in Argentina
Unit 1: Family and Relationships
Family Concept: A human group composed of father, mother, and children living together. This also includes close relatives (broadly defined).
Relationship Concept: A legal connection from blood ties, marriage, or adoption.
Grades: The link between successive generations. First-degree relatives (father and son), second-degree (grandchild or sibling), etc. form branches of a family tree. The Civil Code mentions three lines: ascending, descending,
Read MoreCorporate Governance: Mastering General Meetings
Organizational Structure: Skill Distribution in Corporate Bodies
The General Board, a sovereign body representing the collective will of the company, operates on a non-permanent basis. It holds ultimate authority within its designated powers and decides on the most crucial matters concerning the company.
The Governing Body, a permanent committee, manages and represents the company. It interacts with external parties through company managers.
The General Board is considered sovereign due to its exclusive
Read MoreSpanish Law: Types, Hierarchy, and International Treaties
1. The Concept of Law and its Position in the Legal System
Parliamentary bodies operate under specific rules that enable control over minorities and manage regulatory activity. Different types of law serve a unifying purpose: they facilitate the expression of social pluralism through their inherent processes.
The political meaning of law derives from its legal status, which indicates its position within the legal order. This status can be explained through the concepts of ‘status of law’ and ‘force
Read MoreRoman Law: Edicts, Laws, and Constitutions
Item 9: The Praetor’s Edict and Legal Evolution
The praetor’s electoral program, outlining his proposed policies, transforms into the Edict upon election under the Ius Edicendi. This Edict, renewed annually, adapts to current needs. It acts as a binding norm for citizens, outlining the praetor’s intended actions and limiting his power. Two types of edicts exist:
- The Edictum Perpetuum, issued at the year’s start, comprises two parts: the Pars Tralaticia (compiled from previous edicts) and the Pars