Spanish Policing: From Monarchy to Revolution
Police Under Isabel II and the Rise of the Civil Guard
This era marks a pivotal moment in Spanish policing, witnessing the creation of key law enforcement organizations. The establishment of both a military body (the Civil Guard) and a civilian police force presented unique challenges.
- The Civil Guard, a military force, was established, while a separate civilian police force faced obstacles in its development.
- Municipalities formed their own forces independent of the Militia, laying the groundwork
Spanish Civil Law: A Comprehensive Study
Civil Law
1. The Spanish Civil Law
1.1 Institutional Assumptions and Historical Forms
The historical approach to civil law considers institutional assumptions as factual cases: problems, conflicts, and disputes that have shaped the development of civil law institutions. It’s crucial to emphasize the material problems that civil law addresses outside prevailing dogmatic valuation guidelines.
1.2 The Field of Civil Law
Codification seems the most appropriate way to use history to determine civil matters.
Read MoreLex Talionis and Roman Law: Retribution and Justice History
Lex Talionis: An Eye for an Eye
The term lex talionis (Latin) refers to a principle of retributive justice where the offender suffers damage equal to that caused to the victim. The most famous expression is “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,” from Exodus. Many systems have been inspired by this law. Although seemingly primitive, its spirit emphasizes proportionality of punishment, avoiding disproportionate private revenge.
The Code of Hammurabi (17th century BC) codified lex talionis, establishing
Read MoreChilean President’s Domestic and International Roles
Head of State
1) The President represents the unity of the State. Despite internal political struggles, the State is represented by a single head.
2) Represents the continuity of the State. Regardless of the political party in power, the State remains constant, symbolized by the President.
3) Represents Chile in the judicial field. The President chairs the State Defense Council, representing the Treasury’s interests.
4) Represents Chile internationally. The President engages with other states, exercising
Read MoreJudicial Processes: Types, Characteristics, and Legal Frameworks
T-20 – Regular Processes
Regular processes can refer parties to settle their dispute, except for matters requiring a special procedure. They are characterized by the fullness of their cognition, considering the totality of the legal relationship. Judgments in regular processes “enjoy all the material effects of res judicata,” particularly the exclusion of re-litigation. Regular processes offer the largest increase in the guarantees of the parties, including argument, trial, and appeal.
Special Processes
The
Read MoreUnderstanding Your Town’s Geography, Governance, and Community Engagement
Town Geography and Characteristics
Legal Framework: The set of rules governing the municipality.
Internet Concept: The legal rules governing a specific location at a particular time. In democratic states, this includes the Constitution, laws, and executive regulations, treaties, conventions, contracts, and provisions.
Functions of the Municipality
Every municipality has duties to ensure community order and functioning. These include:
- Aqueducts, sewers, drains, and sewage treatment
- Electricity and gas