Citizen Participation in Public Affairs: Spanish Law
Political Participation Rights in the Spanish Constitution
The Spanish Constitution (EC) establishes the State’s duty to promote conditions for youth to participate freely and effectively in political, social, economic, and cultural development (Art. 48 EC). This is directed to the legislator, governing the hearing of citizens in the process of drafting administrative rules (Article 105 EC). It establishes procedures, such as class action and the jury, for popular participation in the administration
Read MoreChilean Labor Law and Constitutional Rights: A Comprehensive Analysis
**Constitution of Chile**
**State Organization**
- Executive Power: President, ministers, deputies, mayors, governors (organization of the state within the court order within the country)
- Legislative Power: Chamber of Deputies, Senate (law-making)
- Judicial Power: Supreme Court, Appellate Court, Civil Court, Criminal Court, Family Court, Labor Court (administration of justice)
**Article 19: Rights and Duties**
- Right to Life: Right to life and physical and mental integrity of the individual. Duty: The law
Sources of Roman Law: From Republic to Empire
Sources of Roman Law
The Institutes of Justinian
The Institutes of Justinian states that “the law that governs us is written or unwritten.” The sources of written law are:
- The laws, passed by the Roman people gathered at polling stations upon the proposal of a magistrate.
- Plebiscites, decisions voted by the people in conciliaplebis.
- The Senate-consultations, decisions passed by the Senate.
- The imperial constitutions, decisions rendered by the Emperor.
- The edicts of magistrates; primarily, the rules of
Competition Law: Prohibited Conduct and Enforcement
Prohibited Conduct
Agreements or Concerted Practices
The Law on the Defense of Competition (LDC) prohibits all agreements, decisions, concerted collective recommendations, or consciously parallel practices that are directed at, produce, or can produce the effect of preventing, restricting, or distorting competition in all or part of the national market. The law seeks to understand any agreement of wills between enterprises to limit, prevent, or distort competition in any way, provided that it is affected
Read MoreUnderstanding Torts and Liability in the US Legal System
Intentional Torts: To constitute an intentional tort, the defendant’s act must be expressly or implicitly intended. The resulting harm need not be intended but must have been reasonably foreseeable. Examples are assault and battery, false imprisonment, slander, and invasion of privacy.
Civil Liability (Liability in Torts)
- It is a violation of the principle of not causing harm, derived from law in general.
- Attributes/elements of civil liability:
- Unlawful Act/Illegal Act/Act Against Law (Antijuridicidad)
Types of Employment Contracts: Key Features and Regulations
I. Training Contracts
A. Employment Contract for Training
- Definition: A contract that is intended for the employee to learn a trade.
- Requirements for Workers: Workers who can be hired with this type of contract must meet the following requirements:
- Be between 16 and 20 years old. Exceptions: If the worker is disabled, there is no age limit. For students, workers, and workshop schools, the ceiling is 24 years.
- They cannot have any qualification referring to the business they are undertaking. If they did,