Workplace Relations: Disputes, Safety, and Employee Rights
Labor Disputes and Resolutions
A labor dispute arises when labor and management disagree on employment terms. This conflict can manifest in several ways:
- Collective Labor Dispute: Involves worker representatives, employers, and business associations.
The resolution can be achieved through:
- Agreement: Direct settlement between parties.
- Reconciliation: A third party facilitates negotiation without offering solutions.
- Mediation: A third party proposes solutions but does not make decisions.
- Arbitration: A
Roman Republic: Patrician-Plebeian Conflict, Magistrates, and Assemblies
The Patrician-Plebeian Struggle in the Roman Republic
The early Roman Republic (6th-4th centuries BC) was marked by conflict between patricians and plebeians. Patricians, descendants of the city’s founders, held all political and civil power, forming a state based on a gentile system. Plebeians, a diverse group of people who settled in Rome under the king’s protection, received small land plots for their livelihood. They were also composed of merchants and artisans attracted to the city.
The plebeians
Read MoreElectoral Proclamation Challenges and Taking Office
Electoral Proclamation Challenges
The complaints and protests are a necessary procedural action to access the electoral dispute. The purpose of this resource is outlined in art. 109 LOREG, which allows for judicial review based solely on the acts by which the Electoral Board proclaims elected officials, and acts of the City Councils and County Councils declared by their respective Presidents.
During the litigation, the review cannot be extended. Therefore, a general review of the Electoral Administration’
Read MorePublic Charges and Economic Freedom: A Constitutional Analysis
Article 19 N° 20: Equality Before Public Charges
It refers to any charge or requirement unilaterally imposed by the state on individuals for the general interest of society, affecting either their property, taxes, or freedom. This definition distinguishes two types of public charges: those affecting property (real public charges) and those affecting personal freedom. Examples of real public charges include taxes, contributions, and fees. These may involve monetary compensation from the State, while
Read MoreJustifications in Criminal Law: Self-Defense, Necessity, Duty
Justifications in Criminal Law
Article 20 (4, 5, 7) of the Criminal Code (CP) addresses justifications. Justifications are special situations in which an unlawful act is committed, but there is no rule that allows or requires it. For example, killing in self-defense is allowed. These are included in Section 20 (4, 5, 7), although that provision, in other sections, also lists defenses and causes of insanity. We clarify that justifications eliminate illegality. Causes of criminal responsibility eliminate
Read MoreJustinian’s Code and Roman Law: A Historical Overview
Justinian and His Legislative Work
The Corpus Iuris Civilis is absolutely one of the crowning works of the human spirit. At the time of Justinian’s rise to power, the central idea was to restore the ancient unity and greatness of the empire through arms, religion, and law. To conduct a legal compilation completed in such a short space of time, he had a man named Tribonian. The collection consists of a code of laws and an institutional manual.
- Volume I contains the Institutions
- Volume II contains the