Constitutional and Fundamental Rights: A Comprehensive Analysis
Fundamental Rights Course I
Unit I – Basic Concept of Law
Concept: It is associated with Constitutional Rights, Human Rights, Public Freedom, Public Subjective Rights, Natural Rights, and Essential Rights.
These expressions refer to certain powers and freedoms that a person possesses. What is now meant by Fundamental Rights has its first record in the expression “Natural Rights,” used by Enlightenment thinkers in the eighteenth century to refer to a set of rights that people have by nature.
These Natural
Read MoreUnderstanding Crime: Societal Factors and Criminal Justice
Power’s Influence on Crime
The influence of power on crime is twofold: firstly, it leads to the determination of what is deemed criminal, and secondly, it fosters a series of behaviors that contribute to criminality. The first aspect, defining what constitutes a crime, stems from the socio-political role of protection. This involves the formulation of criminal law, determining what is or is not a crime. This could lead to the exercise of formal control, the administration of justice, and the enforcement
Read MoreLiberalism, Socialism, and Modern Democratic Thought
Liberalism
Liberalism was born in England in the 18th century as an opposition to tyrannical powers. It argued that the fundamental right is freedom. The most important theorists of this doctrine were Locke and Montesquieu. Locke established that the individual has three basic inalienable rights: the right to life, the right to liberty, and property rights. From this approach, the following consequences are derived:
- The exclusive function of the state is to protect citizens’ rights. The state is not
Insanity Defense in Indian Law: Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh
Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1968)
The case of Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1968) revolves around the mental state of the accused at the time of committing an offense and the implications of that state on his criminal liability.
Case Background
- Incident Date: The incident occurred on January 22, 1965, when Ratanlal was accused of setting fire to grass in a Khalyan (a type of storage shed) belonging to another person.
- Arrest and Custody: Ratanlal was arrested on January 23, 1965, and
Legal and Tax Systems: Principles and Functions
Legal Definition and Norms
Right definition: A set of rules of law regulating the life of man in society.
Legal norm: It is a prescription by which an authority, empowered to regulate, intends to maintain coexistence among men. It is backed by the sanction of the established exercise of force.
Tax Law: Resolves constitutional issues that are difficult to change.
Characteristics of Legal Norms
- Bilateral: In front of a rule-obligated party, there is another power to demand compliance.
- Heteronomous: The
Mexican Foreign Trade Act: Regulations and Practices
Title I: General Provisions
Chapter One
Article 1. This Act is to regulate and promote foreign trade, increase the competitiveness of the national economy, promote the efficient use of productive resources of the country, properly integrate the Mexican economy into the international economy, defend the production plant from unfair international trade practices, and contribute to raising the welfare of the population.
Article 2. The provisions of this Act are mandatory and applicable throughout the
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