Understanding Intent (Dolo) in Criminal Liability
Forms of Guilt in Criminal Law
Among the most burdensome forms of guilt is intent (dolo). Generally, all crimes described in the Penal Code are considered malicious (intentional), with the exception of reckless or negligent crimes (culpa), which are typically less severe. However, between intent (dolo) and negligence (culpa – note that recklessness and blame are often synonymous terms in the Penal Code), there are several scales of responsibility. Responsibility is graduated within intentional
Read MoreVictim Classification and Secondary Victimization Issues
Victim Classifications and System Interactions
Types of Victims
Non-Participating Victims
These victims are often considered ideal (consumable, replaceable, or substitutable) and are not involved in the genesis of the crime.
- Accidental: Randomly encountered by the criminal (e.g., a victim during a bank robbery).
- Indiscriminate: No connection with the aggressor (e.g., a victim of a terrorist attack).
Participating Victims
These victims are often considered irreplaceable and are voluntarily involved, to
Roman Jurists, Spanish Civil Law, and Key Legal Concepts
Work of Classical Roman Jurists
This period marks the peak of Roman legal culture, known as the classical era. It is primarily due to the work of the classical jurists who, in a real and practical sense focused on citizens’ conflicts, learned to create the foundations of a valuable Universal Law. Breaking with the past yet respecting tradition, the jurisconsults believed, like Cicero, that law is formed over many centuries and consolidated by use and antiquity.
To address personal needs, they suggested
Read MoreHealthcare & Disability Benefits in Spain
Healthcare Beneficiaries in Spain
- Workers in the general scheme, members, and those in an equivalent situation.
- Pensioners and recipients of regular benefits.
- Dependents of the above (spouse, descendant, parent…) if living with the holder and their dependents, and not performing any paid work exceeding double the IREM.
- Nationals of EU member states and those to whom the EU scheme applies.
- Foreigners who reside in Spain with a residence card.
What is Covered?
- Common illness or disease
- Accident at work
Understanding Criminal Law: History, Principles, and Evolution
Criminal Law
Criminal law is a body of knowledge and principles methodically ordered to elucidate the content of norms and institutions. These are grouped to apply to current cases according to strict criteria of justice (Toledo St. Francis of Assisi).
Historical Overview
Criminal Code of the Republic – 1890
Consolidation of Criminal Laws – 1936
Criminal Code – 1940
Constitution – 1988, art. 22, I
Primitive Times
Sociocultural characteristics:
- Environment of magic and religion.
- Presence of pests, drought
Understanding the Spanish Constitution: Key Questions Answered
Understanding the Spanish Constitution
What year was the Spanish Constitution created? 1978
What is the Spanish state?
A social state and democracy of law whose form of government is a parliamentary monarchy.
Who is the head of the Spanish state? The King
What functions do the courts and the institutions which form them have?
Representatives of the Spanish people have a set of powers conferred by the Constitution. They are formed by the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies:
- The Senate is the upper house