The Structure and Sources of English Law
The English Legal System: An Introduction
In most European countries, judges interpret the legal code. In the English legal system, however, judges have a dual role:
- They interpret the existing law, which is found in legislation and previous decisions of higher-ranking courts.
- They create the law by establishing legal principles that courts lower down the hierarchy must follow.
The Hierarchical Structure of English Courts
The English Court System is arranged in a hierarchical structure. The Supreme Court
Read MoreCanadian Charter of Rights: Application and Limitations
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees certain basic rights and freedoms. It limits the law-making power of legislatures and the decision-making powers of courts. In some cases, it can be used to prevent abuse and unfairness in administrative actions and delegated law-making.
Courts can use the Charter to:
- Strike down or amend statutes that violate Charter rights.
- Invalidate a statutory provision that weakens fairness protections.
- Read into
Essential Requirements and Special Clauses in Labor Contracts
Labor Contract Conditions and Requirements
Essential Requirements for a Labor Contract
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Consent: The external manifestation of the parties must match their internal will. This consent may be vitiated, which can cancel the contract. Causes for vitiated consent include:
- Error: (In the person or their characteristics; this is the most relevant cause.)
- Violence and Intimidation
- Fraud
- Object: The contract must have an object that is lawful and defined.
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Cause: The cause must exist and must be lawful.
Example:
The Five Historical Periods of Roman Law Evolution
Approach to the Study of Roman Law History
The political conception prevailing in each historical period conditions the system of sources of law. Using a legal perspective, rather than a purely historical one, we can distinguish five main stages:
1. Archaic Period (7th Century BC – 450 BC)
This period begins with the founding of Rome in the 7th century BC by Romulus, its first king. The monarchy, or regnum, was the prevailing political form for two and a half centuries. This early stage is considered
Read MoreKey Concepts in Indian Business and Corporate Law
Partnership Law: Dissolution and Partner Roles
Dissolution of a Firm (Sections 39-47, IPA, 1932)
According to Section 39 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, dissolution of a firm means the breaking up or termination of the relationship between all the partners of the firm. Once dissolved, the business ceases, assets are realized, and liabilities are paid off.
This is distinct from dissolution of partnership, which may occur without ending the firm’s existence (e.g., a change in partners). Dissolution
Read MoreWCAG Principles: Making Web Content Accessible
Web Accessibility Fundamentals (WCAG)
This document discusses why web accessibility is important and how to make your website more accessible. Many people ignore accessibility, but it is a legal requirement in many places and it helps everyone, including people with disabilities. We will look at the main principles of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).
The Four Core Principles of WCAG
WCAG stands for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. It has four main principles, often remembered by
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