Legal Personality and Representation in Civil Law: Articles 29-31
Legal Representation and Agency
Representation Without Power (Art. 1259)
Article 1259 establishes that one may act in the name of another without proper authorization or legal representation. A contract concluded on behalf of another person who lacks authorization or legal representation shall be void, unless the represented person ratifies it.
Self-Contracting by the Representative
Initially, this situation allowed a person with the capacity to manage two separate estates (or interests) to issue declarations
Read MoreThe Democratic Sexenio and Spain’s First Republic
The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)
The Democratic Sexenio comprised three distinct periods: the interim government of Serrano (1868-1870), the reign of Amadeo I of Savoy (1870-1873), and the First Republic (1873-1874).
The Interim Government and the 1869 Constitution
After the departure of Isabella II following the Glorious Revolution in 1868, the people organized and initiated pockets of social revolution. The military leaders of the revolution quickly formed an interim government led by three generals:
Read MoreConstitutional Rights in Pakistan: 1973 Framework
1. Introduction
Fundamental rights are the basic rights of the citizens. In the Constitution of 1973, the list of fundamental rights has been given, and it has also been clarified that any law repugnant to these fundamental rights will be considered null and void. Every democratic state recognizes the fundamental rights of its citizens.
2. Relevant Provisions
Articles 8–28
3. Objective Resolution as Part of the Constitution
The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution are a substantive
Read MoreIndian Contract Act 1872: Essentials and Types of Contracts
Indian Contract Act, 1872: Essentials and Types
The Indian Contract Act, 1872, is the principal law governing contracts in India. It defines the term ‘contract’ and sets out the rules for their formation, performance, and enforceability.
📝 Nature of a Contract
The fundamental nature of a contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, can be summarized by the definition in Section 2(h):
“An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.”
This shows that a contract consists of two core elements:
- Agreement:
The 1936 Basque Statute of Autonomy: Context and Impact
The Statute of Autonomy of 1936
This document is a Primary Source, structured as a legal text with significant political content.
- Authorship: Junta formed by Parliament (Indalecio Prieto, President; José Antonio Aguirre, Secretary), confirmed by the Cortes.
- Addressed To: Inhabitants of the Basque territories (especially nationalists) and the general public.
- Objective: To establish a new legal framework for the autonomy composed of Álava, Biscay (Bizkaia), and Gipuzkoa.
- Location & Date of Approval:
Indian Constitution: Origins, Key Features and Preamble Significance
Constituent Assembly Role
1.1 Role of the Constituent Assembly in the Making of the Constitution of India
Introduction
The Constitution of India is not an accidental document but the result of careful deliberation, debate, and democratic consensus. The task of framing this constitution was entrusted to the Constituent Assembly of India, which played a historic role in shaping the political destiny of independent India.
Composition and Formation
The Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet Mission