Criminal Sentences: Structure, Consistency, and Res Judicata
Criminal Sentences: Definition and Function
Sentences always end the process. The Law of Criminal Procedure (LECrim) states that sentences are the resolutions that conclude the process and explicitly incorporate the Law.
Judgments are typically issued only in specific cases:
- To resolve an appeal.
- To resolve an appeal (repetition noted in original text).
In all other instances, the court issues orders.
Types of Criminal Sentences
Criminal sentences can have two statements:
- Acquittals: These sentences are
Business Law Foundations: Key Concepts and Vocabulary (Chapters 1-10)
Business Law Foundations: Chapters 1–10 Summary
Chapter 1: Legal & Constitutional Foundations
U.S. law originates from four primary sources: constitutional law (derived from federal or state constitutions), statutory law (laws passed by legislatures), administrative law (rules set by agencies like the EPA), and case law (judge-made law based on precedent). Common law relies on stare decisis to ensure consistency.
Substantive law defines rights, while procedural law enforces them. Civil law resolves
Read MoreCorporate Governance, CSR, and Shareholder Protection under Companies Act, 2013
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Meaning and Scope of Social Responsibilities
Social responsibility refers to the obligation of companies to act in ways that benefit society while conducting business operations. It involves going beyond mere profit-making to consider the welfare of employees, customers, society, and the environment.
Key Aspects of Social Responsibility Towards Stakeholders:
- Towards Shareholders: Ensure fair returns on investment, transparent disclosure, and good governance.
- Towards
Legal Personality and Representation in Civil Law: Articles 29-31
Legal Representation and Agency
Representation Without Power (Art. 1259)
Article 1259 establishes that one may act in the name of another without proper authorization or legal representation. A contract concluded on behalf of another person who lacks authorization or legal representation shall be void, unless the represented person ratifies it.
Self-Contracting by the Representative
Initially, this situation allowed a person with the capacity to manage two separate estates (or interests) to issue declarations
Read MoreThe Democratic Sexenio and Spain’s First Republic
The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)
The Democratic Sexenio comprised three distinct periods: the interim government of Serrano (1868-1870), the reign of Amadeo I of Savoy (1870-1873), and the First Republic (1873-1874).
The Interim Government and the 1869 Constitution
After the departure of Isabella II following the Glorious Revolution in 1868, the people organized and initiated pockets of social revolution. The military leaders of the revolution quickly formed an interim government led by three generals:
Read MoreConstitutional Rights in Pakistan: 1973 Framework
1. Introduction
Fundamental rights are the basic rights of the citizens. In the Constitution of 1973, the list of fundamental rights has been given, and it has also been clarified that any law repugnant to these fundamental rights will be considered null and void. Every democratic state recognizes the fundamental rights of its citizens.
2. Relevant Provisions
Articles 8–28
3. Objective Resolution as Part of the Constitution
The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution are a substantive
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