Malaysian Subordinate Court Jurisdiction Rules (SCA 1948)
Subordinate Court Jurisdiction: Chapter 2
Counterclaims and Monetary Limits
Section 66(1) – Sessions Court: Can hear the case even if the counterclaim is bigger than the plaintiff’s claim, but cannot award more than its own limit (e.g., max RM1 million).
Section 66(2) – High Court: Any party can apply to move the whole case to the High Court, which has no monetary limit.
Calculating Claim Value: Principal and Interest
Issue: Claim Calculation for Jurisdiction
Claim = Principal (within limit) + Interest
Read MoreCorporate Law Concepts: Governance, Responsibility, and Shareholder Protection
Corporate Responsibilities and Governance
Social Responsibilities of Companies
Meaning
Social responsibility refers to the obligation of companies to act in ways that benefit society while conducting business operations. It involves going beyond profit-making to consider the welfare of employees, customers, society, and the environment.
Key Aspects of Social Responsibility
- Towards Shareholders: Ensure fair returns on investment, transparent disclosure, and good governance.
- Towards Employees: Provide fair
Understanding Incoterms and Their Impact on International Trade
What Are Incoterms? Published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Incoterms define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade, including:
- Who bears costs
- Who bears risks
- Handling of documents
What Do Incoterms Not Cover? They do not represent a sales contract between a buyer and a supplier. For example, they do not cover pricing details, exact payment details, or details of quality.
Most Common Terms of Incoterms:
- EXW: Buyer takes full responsibility
- DDP: Seller takes
Indian Corporate and Consumer Law: Key Concepts and Regulatory Bodies
Company Law: Formation and Securities
Company Formation: The Registration Procedure
Meaning: Registration is the legal process by which a company is formally created and recognized as a separate legal entity under the Companies Act. It ensures that the company can legally enter into contracts, own property, and conduct business in its own name.
Introduction: A company cannot exist legally until it is registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). Registration provides the company with a distinct
The International Court of Justice (ICJ): Structure, Jurisdiction, and Procedure
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Judicial Settlement involves the reference of disputes to permanent tribunals for a legally binding solution. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), often referred to as the World Court, is a court with general jurisdiction.
As one of the six main organs of the United Nations and its principal judicial organ, the ICJ has guaranteed impartial adjudication, free of political pressure or economic bargaining, since 1945.
The Court operates in French and English
Read MorePakistan Parliament: National Assembly Structure and Powers
Pakistan Parliament Structure
The Parliament is an authoritative institution and a symbol of the people’s sovereignty. In Pakistan, the Parliament, known as “the Majlis-e-Shoora,” consists of the President and two houses: the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly is the lower house and is the more powerful institution in law-making and financial matters, generally holding more power than the Senate.
Relevant Constitutional Provisions
Key articles related to the Parliament include:
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