Indian Constitutional Law and Legal System Fundamentals

Posted by on Sep 30, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Powers and Functions of the President of India

Weightage: 7.5 Marks

The President of India is the constitutional head of the Union Executive. The executive power of the Union is vested in the President, who exercises it according to the Constitution.

1. Executive Powers

  • The President appoints the Prime Minister.
  • Other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • The President appoints important constitutional authorities such as the Attorney General, Governors, and the
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Comparative Legal Systems and the Legal Profession

Posted by on Jul 2, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Brest State University: History and Academic Life

Brest State University was founded in 1945 as a Teachers’ Training Institute and became a university in 1995. It is named after Alexander Pushkin. The university occupies several academic buildings, including an old building, a sports complex with gymnasiums and a swimming pool, and a seven-story building with a library, canteen, laboratories, and lecture halls.

Students have four hostels, a winter garden, an agricultural and biological station, and

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Public vs Private International Law: Key Concepts

Posted by on Jun 29, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Public vs. Private International Law

Public international law regulates relations between states and international organizations. In contrast, private international law regulates legal relations between individuals that involve a foreign element.

The Role of Legislation

Legislation is a critical source of private international law because it provides clear legal rules regarding:

  • Nationality
  • Jurisdiction
  • Conflict of laws

Courts rely on these established rules to resolve international private disputes effectively.

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Essential Legal English Vocabulary and Terminology

Posted by on Jun 20, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Legal Professions

  • Attorney: Lawyer qualified in the USA. (Abogado en EE.UU.)
  • Barrister: Lawyer who represents clients in higher courts. (Abogado litigante)
  • Lawyer: General legal professional. (Abogado)
  • Solicitor: Lawyer who advises clients and prepares legal documents. (Abogado asesor)
  • Acting for: Representing a client. (Representar)
  • Advocacy: Speaking on behalf of a client. (Defensa jurídica)
  • Appear: Act in court. (Comparecer)
  • Judge: Person who decides cases. (Juez)
  • Litigation: Court proceedings. (Litigio)
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EU Judicial Cooperation and Schengen Border Controls

Posted by on Jun 18, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters

Judicial cooperation in criminal matters is a core component of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). It aims to ensure security in the EU by combating cross-border crime. Its purpose is to facilitate cooperation between police, customs, and other law enforcement authorities of Member States (MS) regarding criminal offenses. This is essential in an area with no internal borders, as the free movement of persons must not be exploited by organized

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Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and ECHR Human Rights Cases

Posted by on Jun 17, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

State Invasion and Effective Jurisdiction

When a State invades another and commits human rights violations in that territory, the ECHR may still apply if the invading State is deemed to exercise “effective jurisdiction” over the occupied area. This has been confirmed by the ECtHR in multiple cases (such as Loizidou v. Turkey, concerning the occupation of northern Cyprus).

Article 1 of the Convention requires States to respect the rights of everyone within their jurisdiction. Although jurisdiction

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