EU Internal Market Freedoms: Capital, Services, and Goods Regulation
1. Historical Development of Free Movement of Capital
Free movement of capital developed later and more cautiously than the other economic freedoms because the original Treaty rules were vague and ambiguous. Unlike goods, workers, establishment, and services, capital was not granted immediate liberalization or direct effect. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Court of Justice recognized direct effect for the other freedoms, but capital movements were excluded. Liberalization was meant to happen progressively
Read MoreFundamental Rights and Guarantees under Article 20 of the Spanish Constitution
Freedom of Expression and Information under Article 20 CE
Article 20.1 CE protects several different fundamental rights. Along with the recognition of those rights, this article governs their guarantees (Arts. 20.2, 20.3, and 20.5 CE) and its limits (Art. 20.4 CE).
Fundamental Rights Recognized (Article 20.1 CE)
Article 20.1 CE recognizes and protects the following rights:
- To freely express and disseminate thoughts, ideas, and opinions through words, writing, or any other means of reproduction.
- Freedom
Understanding Tax Credit Suspension and Exemptions
2) The cases specified in the CTN for suspension of the tax credit do not include:
C) the partial payment of the tax.
3) A triggering event occurs causing Augusto to pay the tax. However, a law was later edited, extinguishing half of the debt for individuals in Augustus’s situation without payment. It took six years, and the tax was not even the tax credit against Augustus, on the other half of the credit.
In this case, the situation is set up by extinguishing the debt:
A) remission and decay.
4) The
Read MoreResolving Conflicts: IBC vs. RERA in Real Estate Insolvency
IBC and RERA: Harmonizing Real Estate Regulation and Insolvency
Introduction to Real Estate Legislation
The real estate sector in India historically suffered from delayed projects, insolvency of developers, diversion of funds, and lack of accountability. To address these issues, two major legislations were introduced in 2016:
- The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC): A comprehensive mechanism for resolving insolvency of corporate persons through time-bound processes.
- The Real Estate (Regulation
Understanding Public and Private International Law
1. Public and Private
Public international law and private international law are two branches of international law. Generally, there is no distinction between public international law and private international law, but it is very necessary that one should not confuse public international law and private international law.
2. Definitions of International Law:
Oppenheim
International law is a body of customary and conventional rules, which are considered binding on civilized states in their relations
Foundational Principles of the U.S. Legal Framework
Foundational Legal Concepts
- Attorney-Client Privilege: Clients’ communications are kept private when seeking legal advice.
- Confidentiality: Client information cannot be revealed.
- Definition of Law: Rules established by the government, enforceable by punishment.
- Legal System Definition: Institutions, procedures, and rules that establish and enforce norms.
- Legal Morality: Just because something is legal does not mean it is morally correct.
- Justice: Fair and impartial treatment to all individuals under