Evidence Act: Complete Table of Sections and Chapters

Posted by on Feb 20, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Sections

1. Short title, application and commencement.

2. Definitions.

Part II

Chapter II

Relevancy of Facts

3. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.

Closely Connected Facts

4. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction.

5. Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts.

6. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct.

7. Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts.

8. Things said or done by conspirator in reference

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Political Obligation Theories and State Authority

Posted by on Feb 17, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Concept of Political Obligation

Political obligation refers to the moral duty of citizens to obey the laws and rules of their government. It concerns the relationship between individuals and the state, and the reasons why citizens should respect and follow authority.

Theories of Political Obligation

  • Social Contract Theory: Citizens consent to be governed in exchange for protection and services (e.g., Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau).
  • Natural Duty Theory: Citizens have a moral duty to support and obey just institutions.
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Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023: Criminal Law Provisions Explained

Posted by on Feb 15, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Punishment under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

Introduction

Punishment means the penalty imposed by law on a person who is found guilty of committing an offence. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, punishment is an essential instrument of criminal justice to maintain social order and deter criminal behaviour. The concept of punishment aims to protect society and reform offenders.

Legal Provisions and Types

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 provides various kinds of punishments which may be imposed

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Key Articles of Fundamental Rights and Duties in India

Posted by on Feb 13, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)

  • Article 14: Ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
  • Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • Article 16: Guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  • Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice.
  • Article 18: Abolishes titles, except military and academic distinctions.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-

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Human Rights: Definition, Evolution, and Indian Perspective

Posted by on Feb 12, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

This document provides a detailed and well-structured answer to the question: “What do you mean by Human Rights? How the concept of Human Rights was evolved? Describe the Indian and International perspectives of Human Rights” — suitable for 15 marks in your exam.

What Do You Mean by Human Rights?

Definition

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to by virtue of being human. These rights are universal, inalienable, and indivisible, and are essential for

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Spanish Business Law: Legal Hierarchy and Corporate Structures

Posted by on Jan 31, 2026 in Law | 0 comments

Legal Hierarchy and Normative Framework

The legal framework in Spain is structured hierarchically:

  • Primary Legislation (EU): EU Treaties.
  • Secondary Legislation (EU): EU Directives, Regulations, and Decisions.
  • National Level: Spanish Constitution (Article 38 establishes freedom of enterprise), Organic Laws (fundamental rights), Ordinary Laws (general topics), and Royal Decrees/Legislative Decrees (National Regulations/bylaws).
  • Regional Level: Catalonian Estatut d’Autonomia, Catalonian Laws, and Regulations.
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