Spanish Poetry: Generations of ’98 and ’27
Then, as in the Generation of ’98, the two major figures in the lyric were Antonio Machado and Miguel de Unamuno. Machado initially joined Modernism and later aligned with the ideology and sentiment of ’98. However, Unamuno always remained outside the ideological conception of Modernism. Machado, committed to socialism, reflected this in his own conception of poetry: poetry is an act of communication dominated by sentiment. Among his works are Solitudes and Campos de Castilla; the latter is considered
Read MoreJuan Manuel’s Work and 15th-Century Courtly Literature
Work and Style of Juan Manuel
He is the representative of the medieval Castilian tale. He assumed an aesthetic volunteer and got his own style.
Literary Production of Juan Manuel
- Book of the Knight and the Squire: Based on books of chivalry, an old knight advises a young squire who wants to reach the order of chivalry.
- The Book of States: Discusses living religions at that time in Spain, concepts like life, death, or social order.
- Book of Count Lucanor, or Patronio: Composed of 51 short stories. The
Verb Conjugation, Pronouns, Textual Properties, and Literature
Verb Conjugation
Verbs are classified by: Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), Number (Singular, Plural), Tense, Aspect (Perfect, Imperfect), and Mode (Imperative, Subjunctive, Indicative).
Indicative Mode
- Present: -o (e.g., singing)
- Perfect: Participle + auxiliary verb
- Imperfect: -ava (e.g., singing-ava)
- Pluperfect: had + participle
- Past Simple: -and (e.g., song-and)
- Past Anterior: haguí/hagué + participle
- Future: are + future tense (e.g., I will + participle)
- Conditional: aria-singing (e.g., should/haguera + participle)
Spanish Theater: Early 20th Century Trends
Scheme:
- Traditional Theater:
- Poetic Drama
- Comic Theater
- Benavente Theater
- Innovative Theater:
- The Theater of ’98
- The Theater of ’27
Traditional Theater
During the first third of the twentieth century, two trends dominated the Spanish scene: traditional theater, aimed at a consumer audience, and innovative theater, with a relatively marginal influence on the overall theater scene. Traditional theater presented these aspects:
- A poetic drama of modernist trend, including authors such as Eduardo Marquina, Francisco
Miguel Hernández, Delibes, and Lorca: A Literary Journey
Miguel Hernández (1910-1942)
Miguel Hernández, born in Orihuela in 1910, was largely self-taught. His father discouraged his literary pursuits, preventing him from reading Garcilaso and Calderón. However, he immersed himself in the works of modern classics like Machado and Rubén Darío. His love poetry was influenced by Bécquer, but it was Lorca who had the most profound impact on him.
He fell in love with Josefina Manresa. A trip to Madrid proved unsuccessful in gaining recognition for his
Read MoreLatin American Literature and Spanish Language Evolution
The Latin American Novel in the Sixties
The 1960s marked the final consecration of the Latin American novel. This was due to both its intrinsic quality and extra-literary factors. Among these factors, we must mention the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, the development of the Spanish publishing industry, and a book policy that attempted to retrieve the Latin American market that existed in Spain before the war. Additionally, many of these novels were translated into English, German, and French, and
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