Chilean History: Governing Boards, National Congress, and the Rise of the Republic
Governing Boards and the National Congress
Governing Board, September 18, 1810: Mateo de Toro y Zambrano (President), Jose Martinez de Aldunate (Chairman), Fdo. Marquez de la Plata, Juan Martinez de Rozas, Ignacio de la Carrera, Juan Enrique Rosales and Fco. Javier de Reina (vocals), and Gregory Gaspar Marin Argomedo (Secretary). National Congress, July 4, 1811. Government Board, 1813. Campaigns in 1813 and 1814 led to the Disaster of Rancagua. Government under Osorio. Tribunal of Vindication: accuracy,
Read MoreSpanish Novel: Critical Realism to Present
Characteristics of Critical Realism
- Increased critical intent: The author selects aspects that serve their purpose of denunciation.
- Use of characters representative of a class: Both individual and collective characters are typical of the class to which they belong.
Social Issues of the Novel
- The rural world: Much of the population lived in rural areas.
- The working class: Transformation of peasants into workers.
- The bourgeoisie: Lounging, losing consciousness, believing they touch the sky of the nobility;
Spanish Poetry Evolution: 1940s to Present
Poetry in the 1950s: Generation of ’50
The Generation of 1950, also known as the “children of the war,” included authors like Rodríguez and the poets of the School of Barcelona. Key figures, such as Gil de Viedma, José Agustín Goytisolo, and Carlos Barral, adopted a critical stance. This generation moved towards a more intimate, symbolist poetry, focusing on personal experience, partly influenced by Machado. The value of the word itself became paramount. Irony became more developed from the 1960s
Read MoreSpanish Poetry: Generations of ’98 and ’27
Then, as in the Generation of ’98, the two major figures in the lyric were Antonio Machado and Miguel de Unamuno. Machado initially joined Modernism and later aligned with the ideology and sentiment of ’98. However, Unamuno always remained outside the ideological conception of Modernism. Machado, committed to socialism, reflected this in his own conception of poetry: poetry is an act of communication dominated by sentiment. Among his works are Solitudes and Campos de Castilla; the latter is considered
Read MoreJuan Manuel’s Work and 15th-Century Courtly Literature
Work and Style of Juan Manuel
He is the representative of the medieval Castilian tale. He assumed an aesthetic volunteer and got his own style.
Literary Production of Juan Manuel
- Book of the Knight and the Squire: Based on books of chivalry, an old knight advises a young squire who wants to reach the order of chivalry.
- The Book of States: Discusses living religions at that time in Spain, concepts like life, death, or social order.
- Book of Count Lucanor, or Patronio: Composed of 51 short stories. The
Verb Conjugation, Pronouns, Textual Properties, and Literature
Verb Conjugation
Verbs are classified by: Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), Number (Singular, Plural), Tense, Aspect (Perfect, Imperfect), and Mode (Imperative, Subjunctive, Indicative).
Indicative Mode
- Present: -o (e.g., singing)
- Perfect: Participle + auxiliary verb
- Imperfect: -ava (e.g., singing-ava)
- Pluperfect: had + participle
- Past Simple: -and (e.g., song-and)
- Past Anterior: haguí/hagué + participle
- Future: are + future tense (e.g., I will + participle)
- Conditional: aria-singing (e.g., should/haguera + participle)