Spanish American Empire: Administration and Impact
Administration and Distribution. Crown involvement rarely participated in the enterprises of discovery and conquest; the high cost it entailed meant that, at most, it contributed in some special instances (the first voyage of Columbus or Magellan and Elcano’s expedition). However, private initiative participation was subject to strict regulation through capitulaciones, complemented by instructions (whose effect consisted in a king and conquistadors covenant by which these committed to conquer and
Read MoreHominization and Pre-Roman Peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
1. Hominization
Hominization is the evolutionary process by which humans evolved from earlier primates. The most ancient hominid found in the Iberian Peninsula, and also in Europe, is a jaw fragment belonging to the species Homo ancestor. It was discovered in Atapuerca (Burgos) and dates back 1,200,000 years. Evidence suggests that the individuals from Atapuerca were victims of cannibalistic practices.
Homo ancestor had two evolutionary paths:
- In Europe, it evolved into Homo heidelberguensis, which
Art History: From Neoclassicism to Modernism
Neoclassicism
The expansion of illustrated trips, the revolutionary events in France, and the discovery of important archaeological sites helped shape a new style: Neoclassicism. Artists sought the pure beauty of classical forms, rejecting excessive ornamentation and luxury. Architecture was inspired by Greek models, incorporating Doric columns and pediments with sculptural decoration. Notable buildings in Spain include the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Barcelona Stock Exchange, and the Tobacco Factory
Read More19th Century Spanish Agricultural Reforms & Disentailment
Situation d XIX Century Spanish agriculture:
According to the census of the active population d Godoy trabjo agricultura.Mayor part d inthe land in the hands dla church, nobility and orders militares.Varios groups linked to the land: 1.
Large stately states:
subject to mayorazgo.2.
Campesinos d land and livestock owners:
leasing their farms to other campesinos.3.
Ls tenant farmers:
as lease payments and leasing land x q foreros long periods in return d 1 or income census fija.4.
Pelentrines Laborers
Read More17th Century European Painting: Styles and Artists
17th Century European Painting
Painting Techniques and Themes
Artists continued to use fresco in vaults, domes, and walls, and oil on canvas became more widespread. The range of subjects expanded to include grotesque, ugly, and unpleasant aspects of life. Religious themes and portraits remained popular, alongside mythological scenes, historical events, landscapes, and still lifes.
Aesthetic Features
- Realism vs. beauty
- Expressiveness of figures in gestures and faces
- Movement and dynamism
- Contrasting illumination
17th & 18th Century Spanish Literature: Movements & Styles
17th & 18th Century Spanish Literature
Culteranismo
Characterized by elaborate and ornate language, Culteranismo is best exemplified by Luis de Góngora. This style emphasizes formal beauty, vivid imagery, and sensory details. Key features include:
- Brilliant metaphors
- Hyperbaton (altered word order)
- Cultisms (obscure vocabulary)
Conceptismo
Represented by Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián, Conceptismo focuses on the density and collision of expression, prioritizing wit and ingenuity. This
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