Communication Theories: From Hypodermic Needle to Functionalism
Hypodermic Needle Theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory, one of the first communication theories, posits that mass media messages are injected directly into the minds of audiences, who are passive recipients with no agency to resist or critically evaluate the message. This theory, prevalent in the 1940s, draws from behavioral psychology, suggesting a direct stimulus-response relationship between media messages and audience behavior.
Key Tenets:
- Media exerts a powerful and direct influence on people.
- Recipients
Safety Signs and Signals: A Comprehensive Guide
ITEM 6: SIGNALS
Three Phases to Eliminate Occupational Hazards
If an occupational hazard hasn’t been eliminated in the design phase, the following three phases can be used to eliminate or limit it:
- Acting on the agent material.
- Acting on the operator.
- Acting on the use of signs and rules that reinforce the above techniques.
1. SAFETY SIGNS
Definition and Purpose
Signaling is a set of stimuli that influence a person’s performance by highlighting specific situations. Safety signs quickly draw attention to
Read MoreStrategies of Persuasion and Genres of Rhetorical Communication
UNIT 3
4. Strategies of Persuasion
Classical rhetoric (Greeks) distinguished between two types of rhetorical communication:
- Communication limited to mere eloquence in a predominantly aesthetic sense, which, according to their thinking, implies the renunciation of genuine persuasive intentions.
- Communication that seeks to influence the receiver by making them change their attitude or opinion. This is the type that truly tries to persuade.
However, it is not always certain whether a speaker has a persuasive
Read MoreStrategies of Persuasion and Genres of Rhetorical Communication
UNIT 3
4. Strategies of Persuasion
Classical rhetoric (Greeks) distinguished between two types of rhetorical communication:
- Communication limited to mere eloquence in a predominantly aesthetic sense, which, according to their thinking, implies the renunciation of genuine persuasive intentions.
- Communication that seeks to influence the receiver by making them change their attitude or opinion. This is the type that truly tries to persuade.
However, it is not always certain whether a speaker has a persuasive
Read MoreIntroduction to Literary Studies
Authors and Works
Emily Dickinson
Nursery rhymes, “Because I could not stop for Death”
Walt Whitman (Romanticism)
Song of Myself
Alfred Lord Tennyson
“The Lady of Shalott” (events, lyrical subject, lyrical situation and lyrical character) narrative poetry – may identify lyrical situation which can be converted to events in a novel.
Graham Masterton
Rules of Writing
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
“The Three Feathers” (Simpleton, king, lazy brothers etc)
Henry James
The Art of Fiction and The Portrait of a Lady
Mark
Read MoreTeaching English to Young Learners
Pyramid of Learning
1. Project point, computer, videos (DVD), language laboratory.
2. Cassette recorder, OHP, photocopier.
3. Whiteboard and books
4. Paper and pen
5. Blackboard
6. Nothing
C.1 REALIA
What is Realia?
Real objects
Give Examples of Realia:
Hair ribbon, a coin, a button, a ring, a paper clip, an elastic band, an old photo frame, a key and a padlock, a soft ball.
What are the Limitations of Realia?
The limitations are the size and quantity of the objects themselves and the students’ tolerance.