Liberalism: A Deep Dive into Its Evolution and Impact
Introduction to Liberalism
Liberalism stands as a prominent school of thought, significantly contributing to the post-Cold War era. Its influence peaked during the inter-war and post-Cold War periods. Originating from “Las Cortes de Cadiz,” the term carries multiple meanings, including generosity. Three main branches of liberalism exist: political, economic, and international relations (IR) liberalism.
Core Principles of Liberalism
At the heart of liberal theory lies the paramount importance of individual
Read MoreInternational Organizations for Cultural Heritage Preservation
ICCROM: International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
Created in Rome in 1959 as an intergovernmental agency, ICCROM provides technical assistance to countries and organizations for the conservation of protected cultural property.
ICOMOS: International Council on Monuments and Sites
Founded in 1965 to promote the Charter of Venice, ICOMOS is responsible for assessing the World Heritage Committee and UNESCO. It conducts studies and reports on the state of
Read MoreKey Historical Milestones: Spain and the World
**Chronology of Spain**
- 711: Arrival of Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula
- 1492: Discovery of America
- 1714 (September 11): Catalonia is defeated in the War of Succession
- 1716: Nueva Planta decrees. Loss of Catalan freedoms
- 1808-13: French War
- 1812: Cadiz Constitution
- 1848: First rail-Mataró BCN
- 1873-74: First Republic
- 1898: Loss of Cuba and the Philippines
- 1923-30: Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
- 1931 (April 14): Proclamation of the Second Catalan Republic. Adoption of the Constitution
- 1932: Adoption
International Cooperation and Integration: A Deep Dive
International Cooperation and Integration
Cooperation is the other side of the coin from conflict. Interests are shared when the actors are able to share objectives. Conflict and cooperation can coexist perfectly, and actors can cooperate to freeze a conflict. There are actors who are in conflict, yet are cooperating in other areas or even in the same area to resolve it. For example, Spain has a dispute relating to the sovereignty of Gibraltar and yet cooperates with England. The goal of cooperation
Read More19th Century Spain: First Carlist War & Liberal State Formation
First Carlist War (1833-1840)
The First Carlist War was a civil conflict between defenders of the old regime and supporters of liberal reforms. The Carlists, advocating for absolute monarchy, were supported by the rural nobility, clergy, and peasantry. The Elizabethans, who sought a liberal state, were backed by the high nobility, bourgeoisie, and popular classes.
Key Stages:
- 1833-1836: Carlist expansion and victories.
- 1836-1840: Weakening of the Carlists.
- 1846-1849: War of the early risers.
Construction
Read MoreSpain’s Democratic Shift After Franco’s Era
Spain’s Transition to Democracy: 1975-1982
The Dawn of a New Era
After Franco’s death in 1975, Spain embarked on a crucial political transition to establish a democratic system. This period saw the adoption of the Constitution of 1978 and accelerated Spain’s integration into Europe. Juan Carlos de Borbón was proclaimed King of Spain on November 22, 1975. Initially, Arias Navarro continued as chairman of a government that maintained an immobilist policy, unable to carry out democratization. Consequently,
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