Ankle Joint Biomechanics: A Comprehensive Analysis
Complex Periastragalino
a. Tibioastragalina – Subastragalina – Mediotarsiana
A. Tibioastragalina (Trocleartrosis)
Astragalus: Trochlea astragalina int and ext lateral and veneers, unique art surface covered by hyaline cartilg
Distal Epiphysis of the Tibia and Fibula
Lig of tobillo -> int and ext lateral lig
Ext: Investment and resist the rotation int -> Lig peroneal astragalino ant (tobillo plans stabilized A / P 10 20 ° plantar flex) fibular lig calcaneo (stabilized Varo of joints) and fibular
Read MoreBack and Chest Muscles: Anatomy, Function, and Innervation
Appendicular and dorso-costal muscles relate to the ribs and deeper back muscles. Each has a different innervation: appendicular back muscles are innervated through the brachial plexus, dorsal-rib muscles through the intercostal nerves, and intrinsic back muscles through the posterior branches of spinal nerves.
Appendicular Back Muscles
The most superficial is the trapezius muscle, which is triangular and originates from the external occipital protuberance in the nuchal ligament (supraspinous ligament
Read MorePituitary Gland: Structure, Hormones, and Function
Pituitary Gland (पीयूषग्रन्थि)
The pituitary, or hypophysis cerebri, is a small, pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions.
It is also called the “master gland” because it controls the activity of other hormone-secreting glands. The gland lies in the hypophyseal, or pituitary fossa, which is roofed by the diaphragma sellae.
The weight of the pituitary gland is about 500mg.
Relations
Superiorly, the pituitary gland is related to:
- Diaphragma sellae
Skin and Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Bone Cells
Skin Structure and Function
Skin: There are two types of skin:
- Thick skin: Found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet.
- Thin skin: Covers most of the body and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles.
Functions of the Skin
The skin provides:
- Protection: From pathogens and the environment.
- Sensation: Contains nerve endings for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Body Temperature Regulation: Through sweat production and blood vessel dilation/constriction.
Endocrine System: Diseases and Oral Manifestations
Endocrine System
The pituitary gland is an organ located in the sella turcica of the skull that governs the entire endocrine system. It has two distinct anatomical and physiological regions:
- Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis): Secretes FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), TSH (thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone that controls the adrenal glands), GH (growth hormone), and prolactin (stimulates mammary glands and promotes milk production)
Human Body Systems: Skin and Skeletal Structures
Skin
Structure and Function
The skin can be categorized into two main types: thick skin (found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet) and thin skin (covering most of the body and containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles).
The skin serves several crucial functions:
- Protection: Shields the body from pathogens and environmental factors.
- Sensation: Contains nerve endings for tactile and thermal perception.
- Body Temperature Regulation: Facilitates sweating