Human Skeleton: Structure, Function, and Divisions
The Human Skeleton: Structure, Function, and Divisions
The skeleton performs several crucial functions:
- Support and Shape: It supports and shapes the body.
- Protection: It protects vital organs.
- Movement: It allows movement through muscle attachments.
Bone Classification
Bones are classified based on their size and shape:
- Long Bones: These bones, such as the humerus and femur, have a length that exceeds their width and thickness.
- Flat Bones: Flat bones, like the shoulder blade and ribs, have length and
Comprehensive Guide to Bones, Joints, and Muscles
- Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a lacuna.
- Thin, broad bones are classified as flat bones.
- All of the following components are associated with the organic matrix except hydroxyapatite.
- Perforating canals run perpendicular to the osteons.
- In bones that have ceased to grow in length, the only cartilage that remains is the articular cartilage on the epiphyses of bones.
- Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of yellow marrow to red marrow.
Meat Quality: Composition, Muscle Tissue, and Rigor Mortis
Meat Composition and Muscle Tissue Properties
1. Meat Composition: Water, Protein, and Fat
In cattle, meat composition typically consists of:
- Protein: 20-22%
- Water: 70-73%
- Lipids (Fat): 4-8%
Intramuscular fat is characterized by a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
2. Four Types of Tissue
The four primary types of tissue are:
- Epithelial: Skin
- Connective: Blood and bone connective tissue
- Nervous
- Muscular:
- Smooth or involuntary (bowel and stomach)
- Striated involuntary or cardiac (heart)
- Voluntary or striated
Understanding the Musculoskeletal System: Muscles, Bones, and Joints
The Musculoskeletal System: An Overview
The musculoskeletal system enables movement through the combined action of the muscular and skeletal systems. The muscular system consists of muscles, while the skeletal system comprises bones and joints. Together, they form the locomotor system.
Muscles
Parts of a Muscle
- Belly: The central, fleshy part of the muscle.
- Tendons: The connective tissues at the ends of the muscle that attach it to bones.
Types of Muscles
- Simple Muscles: Have a single belly, such as the
Understanding the Human Spine: Structure and Function
The Human Spine: Structure and Function
The basic element of the spine is the vertebra. This bone structure is repeated up to 33 times to form a column. It is classified into five different regions according to location:
- Cervical: Composed of 7 cervical vertebrae, extending from the occipital bone of the head to the thoracic vertebrae, forming the neck.
- Thoracic: Consists of 12 vertebrae and supports the thorax.
- Lumbar: Contains 5 vertebrae and corresponds to the abdomen.
- Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae forming
Cellular Biology, Neurons, Bone, and Connective Tissues
1. Cellular Structure & Function
Cell
The smallest living unit, responsible for metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. Composed of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm (organelles, cytoskeleton), and nucleus. “Continuity of life is based on cells” (Week 1, Lectures [103], [109]).
Plasma Membrane
Structure: A phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins (integral, peripheral), cholesterol (for stability), and carbohydrates (glycocalyx for cell recognition).
Functions:
- Physical barrier