Real Socialism: The USSR Under Stalin and Khrushchev
The term “real socialism” in the political vocabulary of the 1960s has a dual nature. Real socialism, originating from the Soviet world, aimed to define what was possible and that only socialism could work. It represented the true communist tradition. It sought to distance itself from criticisms of the USSR, which suggested that there could be alternatives to Soviet socialism.
The Soviet Union emerged from World War II as a major regional power with significant international influence. The territory
Read MoreSpain’s Tumultuous 19th Century: Corruption, Revolution, and Political Shifts
The spread of administrative corruption and marginalization of progressives led moderates to promote the creation of the Constitution of 1845. This constitution strengthened conservative elements by defending Catholicism as the official religion, limiting freedom of the press, sharing sovereignty between the courts and the king, and establishing a bicameral legislature (Senate and Congress) with a restricted suffrage. Measures were taken to control provincial and local governments. The post of civil
Read MoreFrancoism Demise and Opposition: 1973-1975
The Agony of the Regime (1973-1975)
After the death of Carrero Blanco, a growing economic crisis took place. The French Prime Minister appointed a representative of the Franco regime hardliners: Carlos Arias Navarro, who was the Director-General of Security and Minister of the Government. Following his appointment, Lopez Rodó and the technocrats were removed from power. No government, composed of ministers of Falange extraction, was able to reconcile a theoretical aperturist purpose with repressive
Read MoreKey Concepts: Anarchism, Marxism, and Industrialization Stages
Anarchism and Marxism: Key Concepts
Anarchism: Bakunin proposed a revolution to maximize individual freedom, opposing everything: the state, private property, and religious beliefs.
Marxism: Karl Marx is considered a major theoretical thinker of communism. He focused on class struggle, believing that a classless society would emerge after a political revolution and industrial development, where people are valued for their merits and work, not just wealth.
Cantonalism: This ideology defends the division
Read MorePanama History: Key Events and Independence Timeline
Panama: A Historical Timeline
1492: Christopher Columbus arrives in America.
16th Century: The Ottoman Empire reaches its peak.
1501: Rodrigo de Bastidas explores the shores of the Isthmus of Panama.
1510: Foundation of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien.
1513: Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers the South Sea (Pacific Ocean).
1519: Panama City is founded.
1530: The first cimarron palisade is established.
1543: The heliocentric theory is published.
1597: Portobelo is founded.
1641: The Netherlands seizes the
Read MoreKey Events in Early American History: Civil War to Founding Fathers
Key Events in Early American History
- February 9, 1861: The Confederate States of America is formed with Jefferson Davis, a West Point graduate and former U.S. Army officer, as president.
- March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as the 16th President of the United States of America.
- April 12, 1861: Fort Sumter Attacked: At 4:30 a.m., Confederates under Gen. Pierre Beauregard open fire with 50 cannons upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War begins.
- Mayflower Compact: This was the