The French Revolution: A Transformative Era
The French Revolution: From Monarchy to Republic
The French Revolution, a pivotal period in French history, began with the proclamation of the bourgeoisie as the National Assembly and concluded with the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte. Before the Revolution, France was under the Old Regime, characterized by absolute monarchy and a stratified society.
The French Revolution was a transformative process that dismantled the Old Regime. The bourgeoisie and the common people, burdened by the existing system,
World War I: Key Phases, Events, and Aftermath
World War I: Key Phases and Events
First Phase: The War of Movements (1914)
Germany aimed for a swift victory over Russia. The German General Staff devised the Schlieffen Plan, which involved attacking France through Belgium. However, the Germans were halted at the Battle of the Marne, near Paris. On the Eastern Front, the Russians were defeated at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes.
Second Phase: Trench Warfare (1915-1916)
The war became a stalemate. The Germans attempted to break through Allied lines
Read MoreUS History: From Pilgrims to the Civil War
The Pilgrim Fathers (Mayflower)
Religious English group formed in the 16th century, were dissatisfied with the religious-politic environment of their country, decided to emigrate, first to Leiden and after to the New World. They left from Plymouth’s port in the Mayflower ship on August 15th, 1620. Traversing the Atlantic Ocean, they intended to go to the Jamestown colony, but a storm prevented it, and they arrived at Cape Cod. Shortly after, they founded Plymouth. They were gathered by the Puritan
Read MoreSecond Spanish Republic: Politics and Reforms (1931-1936)
The Political Model of the Second Spanish Republic
The Constituent Assembly Elections
They were the first free and fair elections held in Spain and included universal male suffrage. Two major parties emerged: the Socialist Party and the Radical Republican Party.
Reforms of the First Republican Biennium
The first Republican biennium (1931-1933) was marked by a policy of significant reform:
- Religious Policy: Separation of Church and State was established, and the Divorce Act and the Law of Confessions
Discovery and Colonization of America: Key Facts
Complete the Text
Columbus’ project impressed Queen Isabel ‘The Catholic’, who decided to finance his voyage, against the opinion of her advisers.
The monarchs signed the Capitulation of Santa Fe, which was an agreement which established that 10% of the riches obtained on the voyage would belong to Columbus (the rest would belong to the crown). The agreement also made him viceroy of any lands he discovered.
Columbus set sail from the Port of Palos (Huelva) on the 3rd August 1492, bound for the
Read MoreFrancoism in Spain: Characteristics and Evolution (1936-1975)
Francoism in Spain: 1936-1975
Origins and Ideological Foundations
The term “Francoism” refers to the political and social movement that supported the dictatorial regime which emerged in Spain during the Civil War (1936-1939). Led by General Francisco Franco, this regime prevailed until his death in 1975. From the post-Franco period (or “tardofranquismo”), coinciding with the Spanish Transition, “Francoism” also describes political positions considered similar to or reminiscent of Franco’s characteristic
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