1. EUROPEAN ALLIANCE SYSTEMS:

Bismarck’s Alliance systems were military alliances between Germany & the main European powers (Russia, Austria, Italy & UK) to isolate France.   

·European Balance broke after the Italian & German unifications. 

·2 stages in European international relations:  *1871 – 1890 bismarck’s alliance systems:  Secret military alliances to isolate France (who wanted revenge due to the loss of Alsace & Lorraine). 

*1891 – 1914 peace through strenght:

WWI devastated economic, social,political order of Europe. People at the time, overwhelmed by the size of the war’s battles and the number of casualties, simply called the Great War. The war was all the more disturbing to Europeans because it came after a period that many believed to have been an age of progress. 

(Causes)Nationalism, internal conflicts, and militarism all played a role in starting WWI. The growth of nationalism in 19c had many serious results. Competition for colonies/ trade

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1808-14)

A year after Charles IV came to the throne, the French Revolution began. Initially, Spain joined the international coalition against France. However, the French armies defeated Spain in 1795, and this led to a change of strategy by Godoy, Charles IV’s PM. He made an alliance with Napoleon against England, France’s main enemy. This way, the treaty of Fontainebleau (1807) allowed French troops to pass through Spain to invade Portugal, an ally of the British.

The

Carlos IV’s reign began in 1788. He seemed to follow on his father’s steps, with the idea of a reformist monarchy based on the principles of the Enlightenment, but as soon as the French Revolution started, his government started to panic and repressed all revolutionary thoughts via the Inquisition. When Louis XVI of France, Carlos IV’s cousin, was put on trial and executed, Spain sent troops to fight the National Convention but had little success.

When Napoleon came to power (1799), Spain’s

UNIT 4

IN 711, A SMALL GROUP OF ARABS AND BERBERS CROSSED STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR UNDER THE COMMAND OF TARIQ. THEIR INTENTION WAS TO LOOT AND PLUNDER. EASILY DEFEATED THE VISIGOTHIC KING RODRIGO AT THE GUADALETE,711, THEY CONTINUE THEIR ADVANCE.

PENINSULA OFFERED LITTLE RESISTANCE AND WAS QUICKLY OCCUPIED. THE CAUSES WERE MUSLIM MILITARY SUPERIORITY, INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS OF THE VISIGOTHS, AND SUPPORT OFFERED TO THE INVADERS BY JESUS AND VISIGOTHS NOBLES.

IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS REGION, WHERE CERTAIN

1. Politics and international relations.

   1. Political systems.

• Parliamentary systems (Western Europe): many countries adopted the universal vote for men while suffragette movements arose claiming vote for women (achieved in Finland – 1906, and Norway – 1913). In addition, the United States adopted universal male suffrage and Japan established a parliamentary system.

• Autocratic systems (Central and Eastern Europe): 

• Austro-Hungarian Empire (multiple nationalities): Beginning in 1867 it became a dual monarchy