The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe: Fascism and Nazism
The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe
The First Dictatorships
The first dictatorships in Europe emerged after the collapse of authoritarian empires and the establishment of fragile democracies in countries like Germany, Russia, and Italy. Economic crises and social tensions led to the rise of dictatorial regimes in many countries.
Italian Fascism
Italian fascism, led by Benito Mussolini, was a totalitarian regime that controlled all aspects of society. It suppressed human rights and liberties, enforced
Read More18th and 19th Century Europe: Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolutions
Absolutism and Enlightenment
Absolutism was the political system in many kingdoms in 18th century Europe. Kings held all three powers of the state based on the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, they needed the approval of the Parliament to pass new taxes, although they were rarely called.
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe and America that emphasized:
- Reason should be applied to everything; therefore, they rejected absolutism.
- Natural rights, such as individual
The History of Slavery and the Fight for Civil Rights
The History of Slavery
- 1452: Pope Nicholas V issues Discovery Doctrine, setting the framework and justifying Christian explorers and colonizers.
- 1619: First African slaves brought to Jamestown.
- 1807: Slave trade abolished in England.
- 1807: Transatlantic slave trade made illegal.
- 1841: Amistad trial. A group of slaves fought back on a slave ship, landed in New York, and were put on trial. They were defended by John Quincy Adams and acquitted, and allowed to go to Africa.
- 1835: Oberlin admits black students.
The Popular Front Program in Spain’s Second Republic
Introduction
Type: Primary source / As regards form → Narrative text / Content → Social, economic, political text || Author: Popular Front (group of left-wing political parties) || Addressee: Readers of the newspaper “El Socialista”, especially followers of PSOE + UGT → Public text || Objective: Explain the Popular Front program, to win elections and form a left government / Main purpose = to replenish the reforms initiated during the period of Reformist Biennium (1931-33) || Location +
Read MoreThe Russian Revolution of 1917
RR: The RR 1917 occurred during WWI, and was precipitated by the failure of Tzar Nich II to perform well in the conflict. There were 2 phases: the Feb. Rev., which began with the formation of the prov.
Govt
By the members of the Duma. Second: the Oct. Rev. Where Vlad.
Lenin
Bolchevicks seized control leading to a Civil War, and the establishment of the USSR: first communist state in 1922. The communist movements had been growing in Russia due to the decadence of the Tsars govt. As they failed
Read MoreComprehensive Guide to Democracy and Governance in Venezuela
Democracy in Venezuela
Democracy is a form of government and state organization where collective decisions are made by the people through participatory mechanisms. These mechanisms directly or indirectly confer legitimacy to the representatives of democracy.
Characteristics of Democracy
- Power belongs to all citizens.
- Laws result from deliberation between various political entities.
- Power is exercised in a defined manner and time.
- Citizens have rights and guarantees protected by the constitution.