The Crisis of Parliamentary Monarchy in Spain: From Social Unrest to the Rise of Dictatorship (1917-1923)
1. The Catalan Question
In the early 20th century, Catalan nationalism was represented by the Lliga Regionalista, led by Prat de la Riba and Cambo. Their goal was to achieve administrative autonomy within the monarchy. However, a serious incident occurred when army officers, angered by a cartoon in the satirical magazine Cu-Cut, stormed its offices. This led to the approval of the Law of Jurisdictions (1906), which gave military courts jurisdiction over crimes against the country and the army. In
Read MoreThe Transition to Democracy in Spain (1975-1978)
Item 22: The Transition to Democracy in Spain (1975-1978)
1. Introduction
Since Franco’s death in 1975, a delicate political operation began to bring parliamentary democracy to Spain.
The steps to introduce democracy were:
- In 1976, the king entrusted the government to Adolfo Suárez, who dismantled the Francoist system and negotiated with opposition leaders the foundation for holding elections in 1977.
- In 1977, elections for a Constituent Parliament were held.
- In 1978, the Constitution was adopted, and
World War I: A Summary
Quick War II: 1914
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan, designed to prevent a rapid war, was based on a swift attack on France through neutral Belgium. This aimed to avoid France’s strong border defenses and attack their army from behind. After defeating France, Germany intended to force Russia to surrender. The plan envisioned a six-week victory against France.
The German campaign had two phases. The first phase saw the Battle of the Frontiers, where the French defense failed to halt the German advance. The
Read MoreThe Crisis of 1898 and its Aftermath in Spain
“Table of misery and immorality that began in the year 98”:
This phrase refers to Primo de Rivera liquidation of the last vestiges of the Empire as a result of colonial wars (1895 – 1898) and the U.S. Defeat, as well as the regeneracionista experience failure that followed: cacique system maintenance, regionalism, social unrest, etc.
Military Directory:
first of two that characterized the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. His chronology extends from 1923 to 1925, during which the dictator developed
Read MoreThe Spanish Conquest of Chile: From Almagro to the Disaster of Curalaba
Diego de Almagro: In the year 1536, he was in Chile, reaching the Itata River and then returning to the Aconcagua River. On his return, he clashed with the Indians in the Battle of Reynogüelén.
Almagro set out from Aconcagua and began to search for gold in the Marga-Marga region.
* Land Grant: The grant consisted of a land title to all members participating in the army of conquest.
PEDRO DE VALDIVIA
Valdivia sought help from the Viceroy to ease the conflict (1547). Through the Royal Decree, King Charles
The Spanish Conquest of Chile: From Almagro to the Disaster of Curalaba
Diego de Almagro: In the year he was in Chile, he reached the Itata River and then returned to the Aconcagua River. On his return, he faced the Indians in the Battle of Reynogüelén.
Almagro set out from Aconcagua and began to search for gold in Marga-Marga.
* Land Grant: The grant consisted of a land title to all members participating in the army of conquest.
Pedro de Valdivia: Valdivia sought help from the Viceroy to ease the conflict (1547). Through the Royal Decree, King Charles V gave him the