Spain’s Second Republic: Reforms and Challenges (1931-1933)
The Second Republic and the Revolutionary Committee
Following the Pact of San Sebastian, the Revolutionary Committee, chaired by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, became a provisional government. To gauge its support, the committee convened elections between April 13th and 14th. The elections of June 1931 were won by the parties composing the provisional government (Revolutionary Committee). This period is closely related to the Reformist Biennium (1931-1933) due to the continuity of measures aimed at implementing
Read MoreNationalism, Imperialism, and 19th-Century Political Shifts
T4. L1. Nationalism
Nationalism: There were two conceptions:
- The conception defended by German Romantic culture. For them, the nation is like a living being.
- French theorists posed a political conception of the nation. The nation is formed by the people and sharing laws, rights, and duties.
This led to “Nationalizing policies of the states.” Many people initiated nationalist movements.
The Nationalization Policy of the States
Each country developed a national language, flags, and anthems. Competitive
Read MoreWWII Origins and the Cold War (1948-1953)
Origins and Causes of World War II
The economic crisis of the 1930s coincided with Hitler’s rise to power. The 1933 Conference on Disarmament failed, and in 1935, Germany abandoned it, annexed the Saar, and instituted mandatory military service. A series of conflicts demonstrated the weakness of Western democracies:
- The Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935-1936)
- The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
- The remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936)
Fascist regimes grew closer: the Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) and the
Read MoreAnglo-Saxon England: Conquest, Conversion, and Unification
Anglo-Saxon England: 449-1066
The Conquest (449-597)
Context: England between 449 and 1066.
According to the Venerable Bede, the invasion of Britain began in 449, when the British king Vortigern invited Germanic mercenaries under Hengest and Horsa to help protect Britain from the Picts and Irish. The Roman army had withdrawn from Britannia in 410.
The invaders came in small bands and spread inland, overcoming British resistance (they were not unified). The newcomers first settled in the south and east
Read MoreSimón Bolívar’s Key Speeches and Writings
The Speech of Angostura
The Speech of Angostura was delivered by Simón Bolívar on February 15, 1819, in the province of Guayana, during the installation of the Second Constituent Congress of the Republic of Venezuela in San Tomé de Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar). In this document, Bolívar, as head of state, addressed the lawmakers not only to express his opinion on the proposed constitution but also to offer a profound reflection on the situation in Venezuela in late 1818.
Bolívar primarily
Read MoreIslam: History, Culture, and Key Figures
Muhammad and His Wives
Learn more about Muhammad and his wives
The Quran, which many Muslims believe reflects the literal words of Allah, includes speeches delivered by Muhammad to his followers. The following excerpt outlines the privileges regarding marriage that Muhammad enjoyed:
Thought, Religion and Culture | Religions and Cultures
Islam and Arab Countries
Learn more about Islam and Arab countries
The Arab countries are a distinct group within the Islamic world. They are part of an ancient civilization
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