Bourbon Restoration in Spain: 1874-1923
The Bourbon Restoration (1874-1923)
This document examines the Bourbon Restoration in Spain, a period spanning from 1874 to 1923. The historical context is characterized by a desire for stability, initially achieved through the Bourbon Restoration and the consolidation of the Cánovas system. However, the subsequent collapse of this system led to the crisis of 1898 and renewed political instability.
The Restoration marked the return of the Bourbon monarchy and an oligarchic system of governance.
Read MoreRussian Revolution & USSR: Causes, Events, Stalinism
Causes of the Russian Revolution
- Autocratic Government: The Tsar did not look after the welfare of the people (absolutist).
- The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Fought over Manchuria. Russia was defeated.
- Appearance of Political Parties.
- The 1905 Revolution: Harsh repression, including Bloody Sunday.
- Participation in the First World War: Russia was not prepared. Millions of deaths.
The 1917 Revolution
February (Provisional Government)
- Successful revolution (women, workers, peasants, soldiers). They protested
Foreign Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
Foreign intervention played a crucial role in the development of the Spanish Civil War. The Republic attempted to involve the League of Nations against the direct intervention of Italy and Germany. However, they had to wait for a resolution to be approved, which was ultimately not implemented.
France and the United Kingdom produced a document prohibiting the sale of military equipment to Spain, aiming to prevent the internationalization of the conflict. This indirectly helped the Republic by preventing
Read MoreSpanish Economy: State Intervention & Infrastructure (1898-1929)
State Intervention
Another feature of the Spanish economy was the restriction of competition between companies and consistent state intervention in the economy. Companies established agreements to fix prices. This led to higher sale prices in Spain compared to other countries. The steel industry, particularly the company Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, clearly exemplified this restriction of competition, practically monopolizing Spanish iron and steel production.
State intervention manifested in two directions:
Read MoreFrench Revolution: Causes and Stages 1789-1799
The French Revolution
In 1789, France was in a deep economic and social crisis. Since 1760, poor harvests had caused food prices to augment. The bourgeoisie, enriched by the economic growth of the eighteenth century, was dissatisfied with its political marginalization, since only the privileged could have positions of power and social recognition. Following Enlightenment ideas, the bourgeoisie wanted to end the Old Regime.
The monarchy was in a financial crisis caused by the expenses of the state
Read MoreSpain Under Queen Isabella II: Politics, Wars, and Revolution
T.1 B.3: Queen Isabella II (1833-1868)
The reign of Queen Isabella II (1833-1868) begins with the establishment of a liberal regime characterized by national sovereignty, division of powers, and defined duties. Nine political parties emerged, broadly divided into two groups: Moderates and Progressives.
- Moderates: Supported by nobles, bureaucracy, and landowners. They favored shared sovereignty between the courts and the King, a bicameral legislature (Congress and Senate), restricted census suffrage,