Carlism: History, Ideology, and the Carlist Wars
Carlism: A Historical Overview
Carlist G. (1833-40) was born in 1830, the daughter of Ferdinand and Mª Cristina d’Naples. According to Salic law, passed by Felipe V in 1713, the crown could only pass between men; women were excluded and only had the right to the throne in the absence of a male heir. This law was directly repealed by Ferdinand upon hearing news of his wife’s pregnancy. This changed the situation, as the king’s eldest child could now inherit, even if not male.
This significantly reduced
Read MoreKey Concepts: Medieval History, Religion, and Renaissance
Key Concepts: Medieval History and Renaissance
- Orthodox Church: Marriage in Constantinople, the Pope was a bishop.
- Edicts of Ashoka: The goal was to create a rule based on Buddhist principles, a code of conduct.
- Four Noble Truths: Suffering, Cause, Cessation (reaching Nirvana), path to improvement.
- Ahimsa: Non-violence. Based in Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism.
- Clergy: Religious professionals, church officials.
- Theodora: The wife of Justinian I, helped him fight against the rebels.
- Cyrillic alphabet: Based
The Rise and Impact of Fascism in Italy
Italy, Fascist Italy was one of the victors of the First World War. What is fascism? Fascism is a political and social movement of totalitarian character that occurred in Italy after the First World War. It finds its roots in nationalism, nineteenth-century European imperialism, the consequences of the First World War, the weakness of parliamentary systems, economic discontent, and social crises. In the twenties and thirties, totalitarian dictatorships of fascist regimes proliferated in Europe,
Read MoreWorld War I Aftermath, Russian Revolution, and 1929 Crisis
The Aftermath of World War I
The Peace:
- Daily suffering and destruction: 8-10 million casualties and 600,000 wounded.
- Bankruptcy: only Japan and the US profited (gold stock and creditors).
Conference of Paris (1919-20)
- USA: Wilson, Fourteen Points: A new world based on democracy and nation.
- France: Clemenceau: Destroy Germany, reclaim Alsace and Lorraine, create a buffer state in Renania.
- UK: Lloyd: Balance.
- Italy: Orlando: Territories in the Dalmatian coast.
- Japan: Makino Nabouaki: Territories.
Treaties
Read MoreFranco’s Dictatorship: Origins, Evolution, and Cold War Impact
Franco’s Dictatorship (1939-1975): A Historical Overview
The dictatorship of Francisco Franco Bahamonde lasted nearly forty years (1939-1975), evolving significantly throughout its history. Franco’s regime consolidated all powers, controlling the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. He was also the commander-in-chief of the army. The only legal party was FET y JONS. Rights and freedoms were suppressed, and all nationalist movements were rejected.
The dictatorship was backed by social sectors
Read MoreRise of Socialism and Labor Movements in the 19th Century
Socialism and the Labor Movement in the 19th Century
Utopian Socialism
Utopian socialists experimented with cooperative models to demonstrate the effectiveness of their proposals. They condemned the moral effects of capitalism but didn’t analyze its underlying causes. Key figures include:
- Comte de Saint-Simon, advocate of state-directed planning.
- Charles Fourier, creator of communal model (phalansteries).
- Robert Owen, who laid the foundations of the cooperative movement.
Marxism
Developed by Karl Marx
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