The Restoration of Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System in Spain
The Restoration:
The Figure of Cánovas:
Alfonso XII ratified Cánovas del Castillo as President of the Council of Ministers. The implemented political system was one of the most stable in contemporary Spain. It satisfied the longing for peace and fostered institutional consolidation, legal regulation, and a flourishing cultural life. It ended the Carlist War and achieved a stable peace, even though the Cuban conflict had lasted for 10 years.
Cánovas was born in Malaga. He served as chief of staff
Read MoreCatalanism and the Failure of the Restoration in Spain (1833-1931)
The Origins and Consolidation of Catalanism (1833-1901)
The Renaissance (1830s)
The Renaissance was a cultural and literary movement that emerged around the 1830s. Its purpose was the revival of the Catalan language and cultural identity. It lacked political aspirations and projects.
The Cultural and Literary Revival
At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a decline in the use of Catalan. The language was confined to everyday speech and was not used in cultural or literary contexts.
The publication
Read MorePrimo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930)
1. The Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Between September 1923 and January 1930, Spain lived under a dictatorship. It began with widespread support, but this consensus waned, and the regime ultimately collapsed after the economic crash of 1929. The six years of dictatorship represented the final attempt to impose regenerationist solutions and prevent the downfall of the Restoration. Unlike previous attempts, this was an authoritarian regime, backed by the armed forces. Its failure hastened the demise of
Read MoreThe Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and Consequences
The Fall of Tsarism and the Russian Revolution
Tsarist Absolutism and its Consequences
Tsarism: Tsarist absolutism and lack of freedoms hindered the normal development of political life and held back the modernization of Russia. Although a European power, Russia remained one of the continent’s most backward countries. These contradictions led to the birth of political opposition to Tsarism, culminating in the revolutionary explosion of 1905, a precursor to the momentous 1917 Revolution that marked
Read MoreAl-Andalus: History of Muslim Spain in the Middle Ages
THEME 2: THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE MIDDLE AGES: Al-Andalus
Approach to the Topic
This section covers the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages (711-1492), from the conquest of Spain to the surrender of Granada. We will analyze the political, social, and economic aspects of this period.
Time Frame
- Muslim Invasion: 711 AD
- Dependent Emirate of Damascus: 711-756
- Independent Emirate of Baghdad: 756-929
- Caliphate of Cordoba: 929-1031
- Taifa Kingdoms: 1031
- Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa:
18th Century Spain: Bourbon Reforms and Economy
1.4 .- The foreign policy
The reign of the Bourbons began with a major loss of power and influence of the Spanish Crown in the international context, that the monarchy has relieved the heavy military and financial burden that led to the maintenance of European possessions in ss. XVI and XVII. The Bourbon concentrated their energies on improving the situation within the country.
Century was a century that the relative peace, even though Spain was embroiled in some events of war:
The most important