The Rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe
The Rise of Italian Fascism
Post-War Europe
The first post-war years were difficult, especially for workers and peasants. There was also a significant threat of Bolshevik-style revolutions erupting in several European countries. To mitigate this risk, dictatorial governments, modeled after Mussolini’s Italian fascist state, were established in some European nations.
Italian Fascism
Benito Mussolini, presenting himself as a defender of order, garnered support from landowners, the army, and the church.
Read MoreDemocratic Governments in Spain Since 1982 & European Integration
3) Democratic Governments Since 1982: Integration in Europe
A) The Hegemony of the PSOE (1982-96)
1) Electoral Developments
The triumph of the PSOE in 1982 marked the first time the left had accessed power since 1939. The PSOE won four consecutive elections under its leader, Felipe Gonzalez.
The PSOE pursued a policy of reform in Spain, aiming to modernize the country, consolidate democracy, develop the State of Autonomous Communities, complete Spain’s integration into Europe, create a welfare state,
Read MoreClauses in English Grammar
Independent Clauses
An independent clause is a clause that doesn’t form part of any larger clause structure. They can be coordinated and they can include embedded dependent clauses. They’re all finite and are used to perform speech-act functions.
Major Types
Declarative Clauses
These clauses have an SV (Subject-Verb) structure and express statements, normally conveying information. Sometimes, this SV structure can be used to ask a question by raising the intonation in conversation and using a question
Read MoreAl-Andalus: Political Developments & Muslim Conquest of Spain
Al-Andalus: Political Developments
Muslim Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
Process of Military Occupation
The civil war within the Visigothic state led the group defending the rights of Akhila, son of Witiza, to seek the support of the Berbers in 711. The Berbers accepted the invitation, and the conquest unfolded in stages:
- Military Control: In 711, Musa’s lieutenant, Tariq, became governor of Ifriquiya (North Africa) and entered Spain. He defeated the Visigoth King Rodrigo at the Battle of Guadalete,
Sagrada Familia: Gaudí’s Unfinished Masterpiece
The Sagrada Familia: Gaudí’s Masterpiece
Antoni Gaudí’s Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family (Barcelona, 1882)
Modernist Architecture
The expiatory temple of the Holy Family in Barcelona is a complex work. Enclose an evolutionary process of modernism gaudiano, since he took over the work, and raised in the Gothic style by architect Francisco de Paula del Villar.
The crypt, apse and above all the external facade of birth is what ended Gaudí. On the structural basis of the four towers, completed for
Read MoreEnlightenment, Revolution, & Napoleon: A Historical Overview
The Enlightenment
Key Figures
- Voltaire: A French Enlightenment thinker who opposed fanaticism, intolerance, and religious superstition. His works, including “Treatise on Tolerance” and “Philosophical Dictionary,” championed Enlightenment ideals.
- Rousseau: A critic of Enlightenment society, which he viewed as corrupt and corrupting. He believed humans are inherently good. His notable works include “Emile” and “The Social Contract.”
- Montesquieu: A critic of despotism, arguing against its lawlessness,