Spain in the Early 20th Century: Crisis & Transformation
Spain in the Early 20th Century: Crisis and Transformation
Alfonso XIII and the Crisis of the Restoration – II
1. The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) and the Fall of the Monarchy
A) The Coup of 1923
Causes of the Coup:
- Effects of the Annual: The army was humiliated and criticized by the king, and public opinion called for ending the Moroccan War.
- The rise of nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country worried the conservative right.
- The division of the Liberal and Conservative parties and
The Age of Imperialism: Causes, Consequences, and World War I
The Age of Imperialism
6. The Age of Imperialism
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialized nations experienced a period of peace and economic prosperity due to advancements from the Second Industrial Revolution.
1. Imperialism and its Causes
1.1. Europe’s Key Role
In the late 19th century, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of major European powers (Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Germany, etc.). Technological innovations, new work organization methods,
Read MoreHistory of the Iberian Peninsula: From Carthaginians to Kingdoms
History of the Iberian Peninsula
The Carthaginian and Roman Period
Between the First and Second Punic Wars, the Carthaginians invaded the Iberian Peninsula, establishing colonies like Ibiza and Cartagena (named after the original Carthage). They also absorbed cities such as Cadiz and Malaga. After defeating Carthage, Rome began a gradual occupation of the peninsula, lasting over 200 years.
The Romans faced resistance, including the long siege of Numancia and the guerrilla war led by Viriato. After
Read MoreConstitutional Monarchy and Revolution in Spain (1834-1874)
Constitutional Monarchy: Progressivism and Moderates (1834-1874)
The Social and Political Situation of the Period
With the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833, a new stage in Spain’s political life began. The need for strong support to address the Carlist Wars prompted Maria Christina (wife of Ferdinand VII) to form a Liberal government. However, the Liberals were divided into two factions: the Moderates, who supported more gradual reforms, and the Progressives, who wanted to dismantle the entire structure
Read MoreThe Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Barbarian Invasions and the Rise of Germanic Kingdoms
1 .- THE SLAVES AND THE ECONOMY OF THIS CRISIS
Maximum height of empire expansion and S II (Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius).
In the third century crisis, declining but not disappearing. First barbarian incursions, attacks in the cities …… Urban decline. ….. Weak central government uncertainty in communications …… ……. Trade decline of craft production crisis …. Urban decay of the cities.
Simultaneously, they gain important rural production units (villas).
Self-sufficient (autarky)
The Spanish Second Republic: Political Instability and Reform
B) The Reformist Biennium (Left-Wing Government)
The Republic’s initial period saw the formation of a left-wing government led by Manuel Azaña. Key reforms included:
- Catalonian Autonomy: Catalonia was granted autonomy in 1932, with Francesc Macià elected president of the Generalitat.
- Military Reform: Azaña aimed to democratize and professionalize the army, reducing officer numbers and requiring allegiance to the Republic. This offended some, including Francisco Franco.
- Religious Reform: The government