19th Century Chilean Presidents: A Historical Overview
José Joaquín Pérez (1861-1871)
Features
Transition period, ruled with the support of the Conservative Liberal Merger. He was re-elected.
Events
War against Spain (1865-1866)
Spain, after the loss of most of its American colonies, began a process of decay. Unsuccessful imperialist attempts were guided to the recovery of their former domains through actions such as the annexation of Santo Domingo (1860) and the joint invasion with France in Mexico (1860). In 1862, Spain sent a fleet to Peru with the
Read MoreSpanish Monarchy Transformation Under the Bourbons: Centralization and Reform
1. Historical Context: The War of Spanish Succession and the Rise of the Bourbons
In 1700, King Charles II, the last Habsburg ruler of Spain, died without an heir. This triggered the War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713), a complex international and internal conflict. While Charles II’s will named Philip of Anjou, a French Bourbon, as his successor, other European powers, including England, opposed this due to fears of increased French power. Within Spain, Castile largely supported Philip, while
Read MoreMarcos Pérez Jiménez and Rómulo Betancourt: Venezuelan Political History
Marcos Pérez Jiménez
Early Years
Christened Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez, son of Juan Pérez Bustamante and Adela Jiménez, began his military career in 1931 upon entering the Military Academy of Venezuela.
Elections of 1952
On November 30th, 1952, the Board called for elections to establish a Constituent Assembly that would enact a new constitution and conclude the transitional government.
Chair
The government was an authoritarian and personalistic dictatorship that silenced opposition forces
Read MoreSpain’s Liberal Revolution: War, Constitution, and Ferdinand VII
War and Revolution
During the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1813), a liberal revolution unfolded. The Central Board (1808-1810), the regencies (1810-1814), and the Courts of Cadiz implemented significant changes.
These changes included profound political reforms, such as the Constitution of 1812, which laid the foundation for Spanish constitutionalism. Other key reforms included the Freedom of the Press (1810), church and military reforms, the abolition of the seigneurial regime, and the promotion
The Caliphate of Cordoba and the Visigoths in Al-Andalus
Caliphate of Cordoba
. Building disputes of the Visigoths, the Muslims in 711 landed in Gibraltar and defeat at the Battle of Guadalete the army of Don Rodrigo. In two years conquered the entire peninsula except for some parts of the Gaza coast and the Pyrenees. Usually signed contract which allowed the won to keep their land in exchange for the payment of taxes. The rapidity of the conquest was partly due to Muslim tolerance towards Christians and Jews and the disinterest of the majority of people
Read MoreMedieval Courts: Origin, Parliaments, and Representative Assemblies
Medieval Courts
I. The Origin of the Courts
A) THE EMERGENCE OF PARLIAMENTS IN EUROPE
1. Scientific and Political Reasons for this Study
The collapse of the Old Regime during the French Revolution ushered in nineteenth-century Europe into a constitutional state. This new era saw the overcoming of political absolutism by controlling the power of the people represented in assemblies. Additionally, the Romantic movement was deeply interested in the Middle Ages.
These two interconnected phenomena caused
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