Understanding the UN, Social Stratification, and French Revolution Causes
The United Nations: A Foundation for Global Peace
The idea of substituting the League of Nations with a more effective body was discussed at various conferences during World War II. Allied nations, during the Moscow Conference, proposed creating an international organization founded on the sovereign equality of all countries. Its primary purpose was to ensure the maintenance of international peace and security.
The UN headquarters is in New York. The General Assembly, composed of representatives from
Read MoreSecond Republic: Constitution of 1931 and its Impact
The Second Republic and the Constitution of 1931
The end of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, along with the failure of governments formed by General Damaso Berenguer and Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar, resulted in the proclamation of the Second Republic, which won elections in April 1931.
The Second Republic was received enthusiastically by a large number of Spaniards, who hoped for the regeneration and modernization of Spain.
The Revolutionary Committee became a provisional government headed by Alcala
Read MoreNapoleon and the French Empire: Rise and Fall
The Napoleonic and French Empire
After numerous victories, France secured a dominant position in continental Europe. Napoleon maintained the French sphere of influence through extensive alliances and by appointing friends and family members to rule other European countries as French client states. Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), bringing almost all of Europe under his control. The only remaining enemy was England. France ruled the continent, but Great Britain
Read MoreThe Independence of Spanish America: Causes, Stages, and Key Figures
The Independence of Spanish America
The emancipation of Spanish America was one of the serious problems during the reign of Fernando VII, involving the independence of colonies within the American viceroyalties, divided into New Spain (Mexico), New Granada, Peru, and Rio de la Plata.
Causes and Features of the Independence Movements
Causes
- Influence of Enlightenment and Liberalism: The spread of Enlightenment ideals, such as the social contract, individual rights, and national sovereignty, along with
Espartero’s Regency: Pronouncements, Reforms, and Centralization
The Regency of Espartero
The Pronouncement
In 1840, numerous juntas organized in major cities. General Baldomero Espartero, architect of the Convention of Vergara and a popular hero, took charge of the rebel forces and took over the government. The Queen, forced by the movement of the juntas, decided to leave Spain rather than accept the progressive agenda. The country’s government passed into the hands of a ministry headed by Espartero as regent. This called elections that gave a resounding victory
Read MoreIndian Cultural and Historical Terms: A Glossary
Deprecating
Disapproving.
Cummerbunds
Waist sashes.
Hennaed Beard
A beard dyed red with henna.
Atheist
Someone who does not believe in God.
Sadhu
A Hindu holy or wise man, often an ascetic.
Pariah Dog
A stray mongrel dog, often ownerless.
Puranas
Sacred Sanskrit poems containing Hindu myths, legends, and genealogies.
Brahmanas
Hindu scriptures, part of the Vedas, detailing sacrificial rituals.
Emanation
Something originating or coming forth from a source.
Mantras
In Hindu and Buddhist traditions, a word, sound, or
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