Spain’s Second Republic: Reforms and Upheaval
Lesson VII: The Second Republic
In early 1931, during the economic crisis, General Berenguer resigned, and Admiral Aznar was instructed by King Alfonso XIII to form a new government in February. General elections were announced, initiated by Romanones and Cambó, and were preceded by city elections on April 12 as a referendum on the monarchy. Although the results favored the dynastic parties, the King decided to go into exile due to limited support from the cities, which were not influenced by the
Read MoreMedieval Europe: Urban Rebirth and Transformation
1. Urban Rebirth of Europe (12th Century)
1.1 Agricultural Revolution and Bourgeoisie
Main causes:
- Good harvests and population increase
- Resurgent commerce
The agricultural revolution led to expansion due to:
- Cultivation of new lands
- Invention of new farming techniques (seed selection, triennial rotation, iron plow)
- Increased draft efficiency (rigid collar, nailed horseshoes, windmills, watermills)
A new class emerged: the bourgeoisie.
1.2 Development of Trade and Craft
Agricultural surpluses led to increased
Read MoreSpanish Monarchy: Integration and State Organization
Integration of the Canary Islands and Approach to Portugal
In the early 15th century, the Crown of Castile asserted sovereignty over the Canary Islands. The Spanish Civil War spurred Andalusian nobles’ expeditions to the Gulf of Guinea, alerting Portugal. However, Portugal relinquished expansion in West Africa, except for the islands. Isabel and Fernando organized the occupation, confirming specific domains and conquering La Palma, Gran Canaria, and Tenerife between 1483 and 1496. The conquest used
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century: Economy, Society, and Political Shifts
Economic Challenges
Economic development was hindered by:
- Wars against France and Britain.
- Decline in agricultural production due to the War of Independence and poor harvests.
- Crisis of traditional industries facing competition from emerging capitalist industries and foreign products.
- Loss of commercial monopoly after the independence of American colonies.
Social Changes
A new class society emerged:
In rural areas, shortages and rising prices negatively impacted tenants and laborers, while large landowners
Read MoreKey Events in Spanish History: Restoration to Civil War
Key Events in Spanish History (Restoration to Civil War)
Caciquismo
A distorted local government system where a cacique (leader) dominates rural society through political clientelism.
Grid
Prior negotiation between the two main political parties to elect a candidate with the best chances and support from influential figures.
Turnismo (Time Matches)
Agreement between Liberals and Conservatives to alternate power, ensuring predictable election outcomes.
Internal Constitution
The foundation of the Canovist
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: 1938-1959 Political & Socio-Economic Overview
First Item 10 Franco (1938-1959)
The Franco regime was a unique political system in Spain that began after the Civil War and lasted until 1975. This long period saw Spain experience unprecedented stability, transforming from an agrarian country to an industrial power with a considerable middle class.
Ideological Foundations and Political Developments
The construction of the Franco regime is closely related to Franco’s personality and ideology. The regime’s ideology was built from Franco’s basic concepts,
Read More