Second Spanish Republic: Reforms and Modernization
The Left Biennium Reforms (1931-1933)
Question of Religious Influence
One of the main objectives of the republic was to limit the influence of the church, providing for a non-confessional state, religious freedom, and the abolition of the budget for worship and clergy. Divorce and civil marriage were also allowed. The government took control of education, forbidding religious orders from teaching and limiting their property ownership. The most serious confrontation occurred with the Jesuits, due to
Read MoreColonial Spanish America: Society, Economy, and Decline
The Commercial Society
The political and economic power was in Spanish hands, but most of the population were Amerindians. Los Creoles, descendants of the colonists, numbered almost half a million by the end of the sixteenth century. There were also many mestizos, sons of Indian and Spanish parents. In areas where labor was scarce, the native black population was transported from Africa. Colonization had serious consequences for the indigenous population, and in areas such as the Caribbean, the indigenous
Read MoreWorld War I and the Second Industrial Revolution: Key Events & Impact
The First World War
Causes of the Great War
- Imperialism: Rivalry between imperialist powers, German aspirations, and the Moroccan Crisis.
- Nationalism: Dissolution of the Turkish Empire, Russian and Austrian aspirations, independence movements, and the Balkan Wars.
- Alliances: The Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) and the Triple Entente (United Kingdom, France, and Russia).
- Rivalries: Franco-German tensions over Alsace-Lorraine, Anglo-German naval competition, Austro-Russian conflict
Understanding the Spanish Civil War: Key Players and Turning Points
Key Figures and Events of the Spanish Civil War
Durruti: Along with Juan Garcia Oliver, Durruti was a leader of the 1927 FAI, opting for the insurrectional line. Their anarchism opposed the tactics of the UGT.
Esquerra Republicana (ERC): Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia) is a political party founded in Barcelona in 1931. It adheres to Catalan separatist ideology, originally federalist but later advocating for the independence of Catalan territories.
Núria Statute
The
Read MoreSpain’s Political Turmoil: From Maura’s Reforms to the Tragic Week
Government of Antonio Maura (1907-1909)
Antonio Maura implemented reforms from above, aiming to modernize the government and limit the influence of the lower classes. He also sought to curb political patronage with administrative and electoral reforms (Article 29, where a single party representative guaranteed rule). These measures, however, would not be fully realized.
Following Spain’s colonial losses during the Second Industrial Revolution, its imperialist ambitions shifted towards Africa and Asia.
Read MoreUnderstanding Anxiety Disorders, Defense Mechanisms & Native American History
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
Five common anxiety disorders include:
- Panic Disorder: Characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear that occur unexpectedly.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Manifests as extreme behaviors related to neatness, tidiness, and orderliness that significantly disrupt a person’s life.
- Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder): Involves avoiding social situations due to fear of embarrassment or humiliation.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Characterized by chronic anxiety