Spain’s Second Republic and Civil War: Reforms, Conflicts, and Aftermath
The Second Republic (1931-1936)
Reformist Government (1931-1933)
The establishment of a democratic system followed the Republican victory in large cities. However, monarchists gained widespread support in rural areas, leading to unrest and attacks on religious institutions. This period saw significant reforms:
- Catalan Autonomy: A Statute of Autonomy was approved in 1932, granting self-governance to Catalonia under the leadership of Francesc Macià and Lluís Companys.
- Military Reform: The army was downsized,
World War II and Cold War: Causes, Conflicts, and Consequences
Key Terms
- Appeasement: Conciliatory policy pursued by Allied countries towards Fascist powers before World War II.
- Rome-Berlin Axis: Agreements between Germany and Italy before World War II, later joined by Japan.
- Anti-Comintern Pact: 1936 pact between Japan and Nazi Germany against the Communist International (Comintern), aiming to isolate the Soviet Union.
- Afrika Korps: German military force sent to North Africa in 1941 to support Italian troops against the British. Commanded by Rommel, the “Desert
Evolution of Education in Chile: From O’Higgins to Carrera
Bernardo O’Higgins
The issue of education remained consistent. Key aspects:
- 1818: The state takes charge of education.
- Teachers had to apply for their positions.
- 1819: Education regulations established.
This project introduced the Lancastrian method (1821), a mutual teaching system from England. The teacher worked with a small group, training monitors who then taught the rest. This system used rewards and punishments, with vertical communication (only monitors with the teacher). The main advantage was
Read MoreReign of Alfonso XIII: Crisis & Attempts at Reform in Spain (1902-1931)
ITEM 13: The Crisis of the Restoration: The Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1931)
1. Attempts at Internal Feedback System (1902-1914)
The first stage of Alfonso XIII’s reign was marked by the spirit of regeneration and change that had spread after the crisis of 1898. A new action followed since the power was called revisionism.
Political Revisionism and its Failure
The political responsibility of Alfonso XIII in the development of events was very high. That is why the opposition to the system resulted,
Read MoreRoman Conquest of Hispania: Wars and Integration
Roman Conquest of Mainland
Rome maintained troops in the Iberian Peninsula to control conquered territories. This secured slave labor, land rewards for soldiers, increased production due to new markets and raw materials, among other benefits.
Celtiberian Wars (155-133 BC)
These wars subjected the Vaccaei and Celtiberians. Despite strong resistance, exemplified by Numantia’s 20-year siege, these peoples were subdued. The Celts and Vaccaei became subjects, paying taxes on land they previously owned,
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Origins, Conflict, and Franco’s Dictatorship
The Spark of Conflict: July 1936
On July 18, 1936, the more conservative faction of the Spanish military initiated an uprising against the Republic, anticipating a swift victory. However, the coup failed in major cities due to loyalist resistance. This marked the beginning of a brutal social, political, and military conflict between the Republican side, supported by the USSR, France, and Mexico, and the Nationalist side, backed by Italy and Germany. Ultimately, the Nationalists, aided by international
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