18th-20th Century European History: Economy, Politics, and Society
Key Concepts of the 18th Century
Old Regime: The economic, political, and social system of 18th-century Europe.
Guild: Association controlling all aspects of a trade.
Primogeniture: The eldest son’s inheritance of a noble estate.
Undivided Absolute Monarchy: Government where the king’s power is divinely ordained.
Parliamentary Monarchy: The king rules, but power is checked by an elected parliament.
Suffrage: Limited voting rights, typically to tax-paying men.
Mercantilism: National wealth is based on gold
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Transformation and Crisis (1959-1975)
Franco’s Dictatorship: Social, Political, and Economic Aspects
The Franco dictatorship was characterized by economic development, social modernization, and political immobility.
Economic Development
In 1959, the entry of technocrats into the government changed the economic model through two plans:
- The 1959 Stabilization Plan: Objectives included cutting public spending and liberalizing imports and foreign investment.
- Development Plans: Three plans between 1964 and 1975 sought to improve corporate structure
18th Century Spain: Bourbon Dynasty, Reforms, and Enlightenment
Eighteenth-Century Spain
War of Succession and Treaty of Utrecht
Charles II bequeathed the Spanish kingdoms to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France and great-grandson of Philip IV. Another contender for the throne was Charles of Habsburg, son of the German Emperor and descendant of Philip III. European powers opposed Bourbon expansion, leading to the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1715) between the Habsburgs, England, United Provinces, Prussia, Portugal, Savoy, and the Bourbons. Initially
Read MorePolitical Evolution During the Spanish Civil War: Republican & Nationalist Spain
Political Developments in Both Zones
Republican Spain
The rebellion triggered the immediate resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga’s government. President Manuel Azaña tasked Diego Martínez Barrio with forming a new government, but his failure to halt the insurgency and reluctance to arm the populace led to his resignation on July 19th. Azaña then entrusted José Giral with forming a moderate Republican government and began distributing weapons to the people. Republican institutions continued
Read MoreConstitution of the Second Spanish Republic (1931): Overview and Key Features
Key Aspects of the 1931 Spanish Constitution
The 1931 Constitution, a product of the Second Spanish Republic, emerged from a collective effort of diverse ideologies following the abdication of Alfonso XIII. This foundational legal text established a social democratic republic, characterized by its secular nature and emphasis on social rights. It recognized regional autonomy within a unified state and incorporated modernizing elements aligned with a democratic state of law.
Historical Context and Enactment
The
English Postmodifiers: Types and Usage in Sentences
Other Postmodifier Types
Postmodification by Non-Finite Clauses
There are three major types of non-finite postmodifying clauses: ing-clauses, ed-clauses, and to-clauses.
Participle clauses as postmodifiers always have subject gap positions and can often be paraphrased as a relative clause: a party organised for…/ a party which has been organised for…
To-clause postmodifiers can have either subject or non-subject gaps, e.g., non-subject: I had many things to tell him/ I told him many things. Subject:
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