Causes, Measures & Impact of the French Revolution
Causes of the French Revolution
Around 1770, France was a rural society. The bourgeoisie had economic power but lacked political power. French society was a society of privilege, where someone’s position depended on the estate into which they were born.
This situation worsened considerably due to Treasury problems:
- Costly military foreign policy.
- Indebtedness by the crown expanded during the 18th century.
- Court politics and life were over-extravagant.
Due to the serious situation of the Treasury, King
Read MoreMiddle English Linguistic Shifts and Standardization
Middle English Morphological Simplification
Explain the grammatical effect of the morphological simplification that took place in Middle English.
The influence of French in this process was very significant. English underwent a morphological simplification due to the weakening of unstressed vowels in ending syllables:
- As a result, prepositions came to have a more relevant role in expressing the relationship between words.
- The order of elements in the sentence became more rigid and strict.
- The grammatical
Analysis of the 1812 Constitution of Cadiz and Its Legacy
Constitution of Cadiz Analysis
Classification
Nature of the Text
The text is historical-legal, as it corresponds to a fragment of the Constitution of Cadiz. The articles mentioned (1, 3, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 371) are part of the 384 articles comprising the constitution.
Historical Context
The constitution was adopted on March 19, 1812. At that time, the Bourbons had already abdicated, and Napoleon had taken control of the Spanish crown.
Authorship
The constitution resulted from a consensus between absolutists
Read MoreAlmohad Dynasty Art & Architecture (1147-1269)
Almohad Art and Architecture (1147-1269)
Historical Context
Almohad art maintains close similarities with that of the preceding Almoravids but reflects the influence of a fundamentalist religious movement. This iteration of Islam sought a return to religious purity, which its proponents believed had been lost. The leader of this movement was Ibn Tumart, from a Berber tribe, who became the political and religious head of the Almohads (meaning “those who proclaim the unity of God”).
The movement originated
Read MoreSpanish History: Truce, Decrees, Armada, and Inquisition
Twelve Years’ Truce (1609)
Signed in 1609 between Philip III of Spain and the Dutch Republic (United Provinces), this truce marked a pause in the Eighty Years’ War, where the Dutch fought for independence from Spain. Philip II had previously abdicated rule over the Low Countries to his daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband, Archduke Albert, but this did not resolve the conflict.
Reasons leading to the truce included:
- Religious struggles
- Economic and financial difficulties
- War fatigue on both
Spanish History: Trafalgar, Politics, and Society (1800s)
19th Century Spanish History Highlights
Napoleonic Conflicts & Upheaval
Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
The Battle of Trafalgar took place on 21 October 1805, off Cape Trafalgar (Cádiz Province). It pitted the allied Franco-Spanish squadrons, commanded by French Vice-Admiral Pierre Villeneuve (with Spanish Lieutenant General Federico Gravina under his command), against the British fleet led by Vice-Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson.
Peninsular War Origins
Charles IV, France & Fontainebleau Treaty
Under
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