Key Treaties & Conferences of the Interwar Period (1920s-1930s)
Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)
Genoa Conference (1922)
Rapallo Treaty (1922)
Cold War: Origins, Key Events, and Global Impact
The Cold War: A Global Confrontation
The Cold War was a political, ideological, economic, technological, and military confrontation that took place during the twentieth century between the Western-capitalist blocs, led by the United States, and the Eastern-communist blocs, led by the Soviet Union. China subsequently separated to create its own sphere of influence.
The blocs did not directly engage in armed conflict. The U.S. defended capitalist politics, claiming to represent democracy and freedom.
Read MoreVictorian Era Reforms and the Second French Empire
19th Century Political and Social Changes
British Political Reforms
From the mid-nineteenth century, political life in Britain was largely controlled by two parties: the Tories (Conservatives) and Whigs (Liberals). A significant early reform was the extension of the franchise in 1832.
Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli introduced electoral reform in 1867, extending democratic voting rights to over one million citizens. However, this reform primarily connected the right to vote to property
Read MoreEvolution of the English Language: Key Historical Influences
The Great Vowel Shift
Occurring in the early decades of the 15th century, the Great Vowel Shift significantly altered the pronunciation of long vowels. These vowels were raised in articulation or became diphthongs. Notably, the spelling often remained unchanged despite these pronunciation shifts. For example:
- Middle English /i:/> Modern English /ai/ -> bite /bi:ta/ > /baIt/
- /u:/>/au/ -> house /hu:s/>/haUs/
Morphological Change
Languages can be categorized into three types based on their
Read MoreAlexander the Great: Military Genius and Conqueror
Alexander the Great: A Military Genius
Early Life and Rise to Power
Alexander III of Macedon, widely considered one of history’s greatest military commanders, began his remarkable journey at a young age. Born the son of Philip II, he was expected to demonstrate leadership from the outset. At 16, while his father was away quelling an uprising, Alexander effectively suppressed the Maedi revolt back home, showcasing his early aptitude for command. Two years later, he further distinguished himself by
Read MoreRussia 1917: Bolshevik Revolution & USSR Formation
Dual Power Period (March-Oct 1917)
Following the February Revolution, the liberal Provisional Government, initially led by Prince Lvov, found itself overwhelmed by the popular movement embodied by the Soviets (councils of workers and soldiers). The Soviets demanded significant reforms and an immediate end to Russia’s involvement in World War I.
Upon returning from exile in April 1917, Vladimir Lenin argued that the revolution must move beyond its bourgeois-liberal stage towards a proletarian revolution.
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