Chile’s 1925 Constitution: Plebiscite and Secular Reforms
The Chairman’s draft, prepared by the subcommittee, advocated for a more accentuated presidential system. In contrast, Radical and Conservative parties advocated for a regulated parliamentary system.
As a compromise, to avoid disruption of the Advisory Committee, it was agreed to consult the people on these two projects: the red vote for the presidential system, and the blue vote for the dissident or parliamentary system. Those who disagreed with either of these formulas could vote blank. There was
Read MoreFrancoism: Ideology, Power, and International Relations
The Army’s Role in Franco’s New State
The army was the main bastion of the new state. With a long and spirited traditionalist, totalitarian ideology of the moment, with rare exceptions, it assumed command of its Generalissimo while filling the highest spheres of administration.
The Falange and National Syndicalism
In the 1940s, Franco brought the Falange newer elements of its ideology and its external image. Illiberal, undemocratic, and anti-Marxist, the Falange led to a totalitarian system called
Read MoreThe Rise of Islam and Feudalism in Medieval Europe
The Bedouins and the Rise of Islam
The Bedouins were nomadic Arab tribes that lived in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula. They lived in clans, groups of families. Their principal occupation was herding, and they worshiped spirits that lived in trees and rocks. Because of the wars between the Persians and Byzantines, commerce was interrupted, and trade routes shifted to the south.
Caravans stopped at cities like Mecca, where Muhammad was born around 570.
Muhammad
His parents died when he was little.
Read More20th Century History: Key Events and Figures
Indicate Whether the Following Statements Are True or False
In the twenties, the European economy depended on capital investments and loans from the United States.
The working conditions of the working class worsened in the twenties.
In 1928, the economic situation in America was worrying.
In the twenties, women started seeing their right to vote recognized in some countries.
Choose the Right Option
The Fall of the American Stock in 1929 Was Due To…
a) Many investors began to sell their shares at the
Read More19th Century Spanish Agricultural and Industrial Transformations
1. Agricultural Transformations in 19th Century Spain
1.1. Consolidation of Private Land Ownership
Nineteenth-century liberal governments prioritized the shift from Old Regime structures (lordship, primogeniture, commons) to private land ownership, a cornerstone of the new capitalist system. Influenced by agrarian problems and the need for modernized agriculture, they enacted liberal agrarian reforms. These reforms abolished feudal rights, separated ownership, and confiscated Church and municipal
Read MoreSecond Spanish Republic: Proclamation, Constitution, and Reforms
The Second Republic (1931-1936)
1) The Proclamation
After the abdication and exile of Alfonso XIII, a provisional government took power with the task of convening Constituent Cortes. In this government were represented almost all political tendencies from the Republican right to left:
- Socialists: the majority party of the left with three ministries. Fernando de los Ríos, Indalecio Prieto, and Largo Caballero.
- Radical Republicans: populist right center with two ministries. Lerroux and Martinez Barrios.