The 1812 Cadiz Constitution: A Foundation of Spanish Liberalism
Policy reforms aimed at dismantling the Old Regime began to be applied only a few years later, in revolutionary France. However, the process met with strong resistance from absolutists, with periods in which they returned to power with more force. Thus, the Old Regime did not disappear completely until late in the century. Moreover, the liberalization measures appeared first during the reign of José I Bonaparte.
The Cortes of Cadiz
During the War of Independence, occupied Spain not only withstood
Read MoreThe Restoration Period in Spain: 1875-1902
Item 5: The Scheme of Restoration. Features and Operation of Canovas
The 1868 revolution was a failure. Until 1902, the year of the beginning of the reign of Alfonso XIII, a long period led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo took place: the 1876 constitution, electoral manipulation, and chieftaincy. This stage would be severely disrupted by the shock of the war in Cuba and the disaster of 1898. In the evolution of the Restoration, we must distinguish several phases:
- The first, which comes to the death
Medieval Europe: Post-Carolingian Era and the Crusades
Medieval Universal History
Theme 1: Post-Carolingian Europe
1. End of Empire: Strife Among Heirs
After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the sons of Louis the Pious divided the empire into three parts: Charles the Bald kept West Francia, Louis got East Francia, and Lothair was left with the strip in the middle of the imperial territory (from Rome to the Netherlands). Lothair’s territory remained as future expansion territory for one of the domains of his brothers. When Lothair died in 870, Charles and Louis
Read MoreIsabel II Reign: Moderates, Progressives, and the Liberal Union
The Reign of Isabel II: A Period of Political Turmoil (1843-1868)
The Fall of Espartero and the Rise of the Moderates
In 1843, following new elections that left Regent Espartero without support, a coalition formed against him. The government commissioned the progressive Joaquin Maria Lopez to form a new government, but his program, which limited the powers of the regent, was rejected by Espartero, leading Lopez to resign. A widespread insurrection in the summer of 1843 saw liberals revolt against
Read MoreThe Bourbon Restoration in Spain: 1874-1902
Introduction
The Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne of Spain marked the end of the First Republic. Shaken by the Third Carlist War, the Cuban insurrection of 1868, and the Cantonalist revolt, the First Republic was incapable of organizing a stable political project. The driver of the new regime was Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. He organized a liberal monarchical system, although not democratic, whose foundations were established and consolidated during the reign of Alfonso XII (1875-
Read MoreAncient Greece: From Mycenae to the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Minoan Civilization
Chalk: The cultural legacy of chalk was technology, shipping, ornate palaces, and writing on tablets until they were defeated.
Social and Political Organization
The first form of government was a confederation of small city-states. Each had a sovereign, with the city of Knossos aiming to unify the territory, with the rest becoming just the capital of the kingdom. From that moment, the political regime was formed by a king and officials. The seat of government was the Cretan palace,
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