French Revolution: Causes, Stages, and Aftermath
The Outbreak of the French Revolution
Causes of the Revolution (Since 1760)
Several factors contributed to the French Revolution:
- Bad harvests pushed up the price of food.
- The bourgeoisie, enriched by the economic growth of the eighteenth century, were dissatisfied with their political marginalization because only the privileged could hold positions of power.
- The monarchy was plunged into a deep financial crisis due to high state spending. The solution proposed was tax reform, compelling the aristocracy
Franco’s Spain: Dictatorship, Civil War, and Transformation (1939-1959)
The Franco Dictatorship (1939-1959)
The Franco regime, arising from the Civil War, was a personal dictatorship where power was unquestioned. After World War II, the regime promoted anti-Catholic discourse, enabling its integration into the Western world. Despite these changes, the starting point was disastrous, marked by international isolation and the suppression of post-war exiles. Disappearances and limited production were rampant.
A Divided Spain
The Civil War left a Spain of winners and losers,
Read MoreThe Enlightenment: Key Ideas, Thinkers, and Impact
The Enlightenment: An Age of Reason
The Enlightenment was an 18th-century intellectual and cultural movement that questioned the foundations of the Ancien Régime. Enlightenment thinkers championed reason as the primary means of understanding the world. They rejected anything that could not withstand rational scrutiny as deception and falsehood. Tolerance was considered fundamental to human relations, and religious intolerance was strongly criticized. They believed that education and progress would
Read MoreWorld War I: Origins, Alliances, and Global Impact
The Outbreak of World War I
War broke out in Europe, and the former belligerents were the European powers. As most of them had colonies all over the world, there were also clashes on other continents. In addition, Japan and the United States intervened in the conflict, and even China entered the war as a token gesture. The intervention of countries like Brazil transformed what began as a European war into a world war.
The Spark in the Balkans
The war started in one of the areas where most conflicts
Read MoreVisigothic Kingdom: Power, Politics, and Transition
ITEM 9. Visigothic State: Policy Formation and Structure
In the Visigothic Hispanic kingdom, particularistic tendencies coexisted. Although some areas under Visigothic rule exerted force against the monarchy, the core issue was political, regardless of whether Visigothic reality was based on political or private ties. In the 20th century, two historians challenged the idea of a dual sphere of public and private political power. They argued this wasn’t derived from Germanic traditions but rather Roman
Read MoreLaw of 1839: Confirmation and Fate of Basque Fueros
Text Classification and Purpose
This text analyzes two articles of the Law of 25 October 1839. This text is classified as follows:
- Form: Law
- Content: Legal and Political
- Origin: Historical Source
Furthermore, it is a primary source as it was written contemporaneously. The law was authored by the Spanish Courts (Cortes) and initiated under the regency of María Cristina. This public text was addressed to the four Basque provinces: Biscay, Gipuzkoa, Navarre, and Álava. Its primary purpose was to ratify
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