Spanish Civil War: Origins, Divisions, and Global Repercussions

The Spanish Civil War: Origins and Global Impact

Coup to Civil War: The Uprising Begins

On June 17, 1936, Colonel Yagüe, commander of the Legion, took up arms against the Republic. The insurrection quickly spread to the rest of the Moroccan Protectorate. Between July 18 and 19, the majority of military garrisons in the rest of Spain joined the coup, along with civilian sectors and Carlist Falangists (Requetés). From Morocco, on July 18, General Franco went to the Peninsula leading the Army of Africa.

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Rome’s Baroque Transformation: Papal Patronage & Urban Design

The Duchy of Tuscany in Florence and the Republic of Venice. When the Turks and Islam were advancing, the different states united to fight them.

The Patronage of Arts and Sciences

The **Pope** served as the center of the Catholic world monarchy, the Church.

Clients played an important role, often occupying government positions. These were rich and educated people who were suitable for the decoration of palaces.

Among major patrons, we can name:

  • Cardinal Francesco del Monte: Galileo’s first patron, marking
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European Power Shifts: Louis XIV, Mercantilism, and 17th-Century Conflicts

Louis XIV of France: The Absolute Monarch

Louis XIV of France stands as the best example of an absolute monarch. He took control of the government and ruled according to his own wish, without a Prime Minister and without asking advice from the États-Généraux (Estates-General). He viewed himself as the direct representative of God, awarded with a divine right to exert the absolute power of the monarchy.

To illustrate his status, he chose the sun as his symbol. He cultivated the image of an infallible

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Argentina’s State Formation: 1862-1880 Era of Consolidation

Consolidation of the Argentine National State (1862-1880)

This period marked the consolidation of the National State’s authority in Argentina, with Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo F. Sarmiento, and Nicolás Avellaneda serving as presidents. The central government progressively assumed and concentrated many functions and powers previously exercised by the provinces. These presidents promoted the centralization of political authority through various actions, including:

  • The formation of a national army, which
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The Russian Revolutions: From Tsarist Rule to Bolshevik Power

Tsarist Russia: An Empire in Decline

Multinational Russia was an empire of more than 20 million square kilometers. Tsarist Russia had imposed a policy of Russification on very different peoples: administration, the Russian language, and the Orthodox religion. The Russian Empire was economically and socially backward in comparison with other European countries. Industrial development, tardy in Russia, was accelerated, driven by the railroad. However, it was a very controlled industrialization. Tsarist

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French Revolution, Napoleon, and 19th Century European Transformations

Causes of the French Revolution

France faced a severe economic and social crisis. Successive crop failures led to rising prices and widespread popular discontent.

The bourgeoisie, despite their economic power, were dissatisfied with their political marginalization, as only the privileged could hope to hold public office. They aimed to end absolutism and dismantle the Ancien Régime.

The monarchy was in a deep financial crisis due to excessive spending by the court and significant financial aid provided

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