Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship: Causes, Impact, and Fall
Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)
This period began when Alfonso XIII ascended to the throne. As a first step, the regent Maria Cristina empowered a conservative, Silvela, who initiated a renovation.
Problems During Alfonso XIII’s Reign
Among the key issues of Alfonso XIII’s reign were the Moroccan War, also known as the Annual disaster. Spain’s interest was driven by economic benefits, restoring the Army’s prestige, and establishing itself as a colonial power in the Rif region. There were several attacks,
Read MoreCold War: Origins, Key Events, and Impact
The Dawn of a New Era: Capitalism vs. Socialism
After the removal of fascist ideologies, the world’s major ideological choices were reduced to two: capitalism and socialism. The capitalist bloc, led by the United States, encompassed a wide range of countries. Its basic principles were freedom of trade and industry, the dominance of the market, private property, and limited government intervention in the economy. The political system was liberal-democratic, with parliaments, elections, governments
Read MoreItalian Political Landscape: Parties, Coalitions, and Key Players
Silvio Berlusconi’s 2001 Victory and its Impact on Italian Legislation
Silvio Berlusconi’s victory in 2001 and his return to the Presidency of the Council led to legislation that shielded against judicial initiatives, hampered collaboration between Italian judges and other countries, and softened the criminalization of corporate crimes that affected him personally.
The Northern League: A History and its Political Stance
The Northern League emerged in 1990 from the merger of several autonomist leagues.
Read MoreAlfonso XIII’s Reign and Spain’s Path to the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship
Spain and the First World War
Spain maintained a position of neutrality in the European conflict. This is explained by the traditional political isolation of the Spanish exterior that had left the country outside the system despite the official alliance. Spanish society took sides with one or another opponent, and there was controversy among Germanophiles, supporters of the Allies, and the upper classes. The church and most of the commanders of the army and the Royal Palace itself favored the Central
Spanish Civil War: Causes, Key Players, and Aftermath
Major World Powers and the Spanish Civil War
Republican Support
Progressives favored the Republic. The Soviet Union and Mexico supported the Republic, while democratic forces and fascist governments believed that supporting the Republic would slow the spread of communism westward. The papacy also favored Franco. Both sides received outside help. The rebels sent agents to ask for support. The Republic asked for help from France, Britain, and the U.S., but they refused, fearing it would start an international
Read MoreCommunalism, Partition, 1857 Revolt, and Forest Dwellers in India
Communalism’s Growth in India
Q1. Examine the factors responsible for the growth of communalism in India.
Ans. Despite strenuous efforts by Congress leaders and rationalists, communalism persisted and ultimately led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, based on the two-nation theory. While Jinnah is often associated with this theory, the British “Divide and Rule” policy played a significant role. This policy encouraged Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to advocate for Muslim rights. Lord Curzon’
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