Italian Baroque Architecture: Bernini and Borromini
**Baroque Architecture**
The Baroque building is conceived as a single block that is integrated as a whole, with elliptical, oval, or complex geometry. It features curved lines and surfaces, undulating walls, entablatures, and walls. It is an open-minded move, undulating and with a giant order, in addition to five orders of traditional architecture (enriched and complicated with exuberance and fantasy).
- Scrolls and fins (scroll-shaped buttresses)
- Mixtilinear oval-bow (a combination of straight and
Spain’s First Republic and the Revolutionary Six-Year Period: 1868-1874
Spain’s First Republic: 1873-1874
The First Spanish Republic lasted only 11 months, amid great political instability. It was proclaimed on February 11, 1873, by a large majority of votes. However, much of the House was monarchical, and the Republican vote was a strategy to gain time and organize the return of the Bourbons to the Spanish throne. At the same time, it demonstrated its international isolation.
Republicans were divided into Federalists and Unionists. Nevertheless, the Republic was received
Read MoreSpain Under Primo de Rivera: A Detailed Analysis
Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain (1923-1930)
1. Causes of the Coup
The coup led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera was justified on the grounds that the constitutional system was blocked and discredited, and there was a grave danger of social revolution. In his inaugural manifesto, he announced his willingness to rid the country of warlords and stamp out political banditry and social indiscipline. Primo de Rivera’s decision was influenced by the courts to avoid accountability for the Annual
Read MoreKey Historical Events: Spain, WWII, Cold War, Franco Era
Reformist Biennium
The government conducted a policy of reforms which intended to solve the problems of Spain and democratize public life.
- Reform of State: It wanted to end centralism. Catalonia won approval of a statute of autonomy, a parliament, and its own government. The Basque Country and Galicia did not adopt it.
- Social Reform: Aimed to improve the working conditions of laborers. It established a 40-hour work week, a rise in wages, and the creation of insurance.
- Land Reform: Sought to achieve
British History: 17th and 18th Centuries
Key Events in 17th and 18th Century British History
True or False
- True. Foreign trade already included bank notes.
- False. During the rule of George I, the Parliament had *more* power, and new taxes were set.
- False. The secret ballot did *not* exist during the rule of George III.
- False. Americans were charged taxes as compensation to defend them from the French.
- True. In 1801, the term “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” was already used.
- True. The UK was characterized by social mobility.
Santa Capilla del Pilar: Architecture & Sculpture in Zaragoza
Santa Capilla del Pilar in Zaragoza: A Masterpiece of Baroque Art
Architecture by Ventura Rodríguez (1750/54-1765)
Sculpture by José Ramírez de Arellano
The Holy Chapel, located inside the Basilica del Pilar in Zaragoza, was designed by the royal architect Ventura Rodríguez (1717-1785). Rodríguez, influenced by the works of Bernini, incorporated 18th-century ideas into his design, creating a unique and impressive structure. The Madrid architect faced a significant challenge: he could not move
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