Economic Liberalism, Enlightenment, and 18th Century Society
Economic Liberalism
Based on the ideas of Adam Smith, economic liberalism’s basic principle is that the state should not intervene in the process of production or exchange of goods. It argues for freedom of production for business owners, allowing them to produce according to market demands.
- Free Trade: The exchange of goods between countries without any restrictions.
- Free Competition: Forces business owners to improve the quality of their products.
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
- Montesquieu: Argued
Spanish Civil War: Causes, Key Battles, and Lasting Impact
The Spanish Civil War
General Emilio Mola initiated the coup that led to the Spanish Civil War. Enlisting the Navarrese Carlists, he dismissed immediate action in Madrid, opting instead for a simultaneous uprising across different garrisons. His initial plan for a swift takeover proved unsuccessful.
The original idea to dethrone the Popular Front government evolved into a firm intention to topple the Republic. This goal was not fully achieved, and what began as a military coup transformed into a protracted
Read MoreThe Tumultuous Second Spanish Republic: A Concise History
The Tumultuous Second Spanish Republic
Following 31 called elections, the Republicans emerged victorious, leading to the Republic proclamation. This marked the creation of a new government and the Second Republic, characterized by constituent elections, amnesty, and social and political freedoms. The government approved a statute outlining its structure.
Urgent Actions and Catalan Autonomy
Immediate actions were taken to address the situation in Catalonia and to prohibit the expulsion of peasants who
Read MoreUnderstanding Feudalism: Invasions, Society, and the Clergy
The Second Wave of Invasions
The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire weakened political power and defense capabilities, leading to a second wave of invasions. Three new groups of invaders overran Europe:
- The Vikings
- The Magyars
- The Saracens
The cruelty of these invaders created a climate of violence and insecurity throughout Europe.
Many people interpreted these calamities as punishment and believed they heralded the end of the world, expected in the year 1000.
Feudalism: A Social Structure
Feudalism
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Totalitarianism, War, and Transformation
Franco’s Spain: A Nation Forged in Conflict
The Early Years: A Totalitarian State
Item 12: The state of advanced proclaimed Catholic totalitarian state, with no political freedom and no freedom of the press, had lost the war. The consequences were dire: 40,000 soldiers shot, 300,000 exiled prisoners, and 50,000 dead. The regime rested on three pillars: the army, the single political party, and the Church.
World War II and its Aftermath
Communism and democracy united against Hitler. Franco requested
Read MoreWorld War I: Key Battles and Turning Points (1914-1918)
World War I: Key Battles and Turning Points
1914: War of Movement
At the outset of the war, the Germans, to avoid war on two fronts, remained on the defensive in Russia and invaded Belgium to occupy and defeat France. The move paid off: the German armies reached 25 km from Paris, the French government moved to Bordeaux, and the French army, under Joffre, blocked the German advance on the Marne and repulsed the Germans to the Aisne and Vesle. On the Eastern Front, the Russians suffered a heavy defeat
Read More