Thirty Years’ War, 1640 Crisis, and Westphalia Peace
The Thirty Years’ War and the Crisis of 1640
When Spain entered the war against the Protestants in support of Austria, days before Philip IV became king, the twelve-year truce between Holland and Spain ended. Neither was willing to renew it. The Spanish did not want to recognize the independence of the United Provinces, beginning a war that would last half a century. Shortly after, the Protestants were joined by England and Denmark. During the first years, the Habsburgs remained in control in Germany
Philip II: Reign, Conflicts, and Legacy of the Spanish King
Philip II (1556-1598)
Philip II (1556-1598), son of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, was born in Valladolid in 1527. He married four times. First with Manuela of Portugal, who died giving birth to Prince Charles. After he married Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. In 1560 he married Isabel de Valois French with whom he had to Isabel Clara Eugenia. Finally he would marry Anne of Austria, betrothed of Prince Charles, with whom he had to Philip III.
Domains of the Hispanic
Read MorePrimo de Rivera’s Dictatorship: Causes, Policies, and Opposition
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
The causes of the coup: The reasons for the unrest included instability, a locked parliamentary political system, the discrediting of electoral fraud, fear among the propertied classes of a revolution, the rise of Republicanism, and the nationalism and discontent within the army after the Annual disaster. In his inaugural manifesto, Primo de Rivera announced his determination to rid the country of warlords and to end political banditry, indiscipline, and threats
Read MoreAlfonso XIII’s 1931 Manifesto: Abdication & Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII Manifesto
Alfonso XIII Manifesto
This is a text by Alfonso XIII, who assumed the throne at 16 years old. This text was published in the newspaper ABC in Madrid on 17 April 1931. It is a declaration of intent in which the author makes clear their stance and expresses their decision.
It is a text-reaching because it was mainly intended for the government, but also for the nation.
On 13 September 1923, General Primo de Rivera staged a coup. Primo de Rivera always showed sympathy for the king,
Read MoreSpain’s Transformation: Franco Era to Democracy
Demographic and Economic Shifts Post-Franco
Improving living conditions led to an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality. The outcome was a sharp increase in population. In Catalonia, the most important component was the arrival of many immigrants from mainland areas, such as Andalusia, Extremadura, and Castilla-La Mancha. An additional two million Spaniards emigrated abroad to countries where labor was needed, such as France, Germany, and Switzerland. Agricultural mechanization and
Read MoreRise of Nazi Germany: Ideology, Policies & Totalitarianism
Nazi Germany: The Rise to Power
Against the backdrop of the 1929 crisis, the bourgeoisie pressured Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor. Hitler had long claimed that he and his party were Germany’s only solution.
Adolf Hitler joined a paramilitary group that transformed into the Nazi party in 1920. The party rapidly gained support among the middle class, officials, and small traders.
In 1924, while imprisoned, he wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his ideology: racism, anti-Semitism, violence, anti-
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