The Restoration Era in Spain: Politics and Colonial Impact
Item 11: The Restoration of Canovas System and Constitution 1873
Time of parties, regionalism, and nationalism. Most politicians accepted the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Alfonso XII.
In December 1874, G. Martinez Campos de Sagunto proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain. The Sandhurst Manifesto outlined the ideological principles of the new regime. Prime Minister Canovas created bipartisanship with the Conservative Party (Canovas) and the Liberal Party (Sagasta). This policy shift included
Spanish Dynasty Decline: Restoration to Second Republic
The Decline of the Spanish Dynasty (1898-1936)
Alfonso XII’s Regime (1874-1885)
Restoration: The period when the Bourbons returned to Spain in 1874.
Two main political parties:
- Conservative Party: Cánovas/Maura.
- Progressive or Liberal Party: Sagasta/Canalejas.
Other political parties were excluded from participation.
Turno Pacífico: A system of alternating power by manipulating votes.
- Pucherazo: Ballot box fraud.
- Caciquismo: Local bosses “cacique”) coerced workers to vote as instructed.
The two main parties
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Despite his belief in absolute power, James I required the support of Parliament. His reign was marked by controversies, including his interest in witchcraft, his aversion to tobacco, and his close
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Economic Protectionism
Economic protectionism: A policy that favors free trade economic theory, aimed at protecting a national economy from foreign competition. It contradicts the principles of economic liberalism and strengthened remarkably with increasing competition among industrial states during economic downturns. It often involves raising tariffs on foreign goods.
The New Deal
“New Deal”: The term refers to the social and economic reforms undertaken by the administration of U.S. President Franklin
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The Spanish Constitution of 1812
Classification
This text is, by its nature, a primary source of a legal-constitutional nature because it is the Constitution of 1812. This text was promulgated by the Cortes of Cadiz, which were convened by the Council of Regency during the War of Independence (1808-1814). The authorship, therefore, is collective. Obviously, the Constitution was designed to capture all the Spanish people, in order to establish a new law, ignoring the Charter Issued developed by Napoleon,
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United Nations Truce Supervision Organization – UNTSO
Established in 1948, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) is the organization’s longest-running peacekeeping mission. For nearly sixty years, it has monitored ceasefires, supervised armistice agreements, prevented isolated incidents from escalating, and assisted other United Nations peacekeeping operations in the region. Throughout the year, UNTSO military observers have assisted and cooperated with UNDOF in the Golan, in
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